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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lexrussica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Lex russica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lex Russica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1729-5920</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7869</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MSAL</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17803/1729-5920.2021.170.1.101-117</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lexrussica-1715</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КИБЕРПРОСТРАНСТВО / CYBERSPACE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CYBERSPACE / CYBERSPACE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эволюция и инволюция акционерного краудфандинга: первичное размещение монет и первичное биржевое предложение</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Trough Equity Crowdfunding Evolution and Involution: Initial Coin Offering and Initial Exchange Offering</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фурнари</surname><given-names>С. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Furnari</surname><given-names>S. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сальваторе Лучано Фурнари – профессор.Виа Краковия 50-00133 Рим.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Salvatore Luciano Furnari - Professor of the University of Rome «Tor Vergata».Via Cracovia 50-00133 Rome.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Salvatore.Furnari@leplex.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Римский университет «Тор Вергата»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Rome «Tor Vergata»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>01</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>74</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>101</fpage><lpage>117</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Фурнари С.Л., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фурнари С.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Furnari S.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/1715">https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/1715</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье анализируются два инновационных инструмента краудфандингового финансирования: первичное размещение монет (ICO) и первичное биржевое предложение (IEO). Оба инструмента имеют потенциальный финансовый характер, поэтому в статье они рассматриваются как родственные механизмы акционерного краудфандинга (EBCF). Основная цель данной работы заключается в том, чтобы показать возможности и риски ICO и IEO через сравнение с EBCF. Проведенный анализ позволяет понять, можно ли рассматривать ICO и IEO как положительную эволюцию EBCF или по крайней мере один из этих инструментов можно ли считать настолько рискованным, чтобы рассматривать его как своего рода «инволюцию». Чтобы ответить на данный вопрос, автор в первую очередь рассматривает EBCF, инновационный инструмент финансирования, который является одним из самых важных родственных видов краудфандинга. Его значение заключается в его финансовом характере, который отличает этот инструмент от других моделей (а именно пожертвования, вознаграждения и кредитования). Участие в EBCF-кампании позволяет участникам стать акционерами компании, которой они дают деньги. В статье раскрываются основные плюсы и минусы участия в кампании EBCF. В частности, предоставление более легкого доступа к капиталу вместе с возможностью воспользоваться так называемой «мудростью толпы» позволило EBCF стать одним из самых инновационных инструментов финансирования нашей эпохи. Тем не менее эти преимущества пропадают из-за основных рисков, возникающих в процессе привлечения средств через механизм краудфандинга. К этим рискам относятся: моральный риск и мошенничество, произвольное исключение во время упреждающего скрининга платформой и последнее, но не менее важное — неликвидность.Далее в статье рассматриваются новые, более технологически продвинутые варианты краудфандинга, а именно ICO и IEO. Чтобы раскрыть, почему ICO и IEO так похожи на EBCF, автор приводит основные характеристики этих инструментов. Что касается ICO, в первую очередь в статье приводится краткое описание технологии, которая делает этот инновационный инструмент финансирования передовым «дочерним элементом» EBCF. Действительно, через запуск ICO компания просит у «толпы» конкретную сумму денег в обмен на «токен» — информационный инструмент, с помощью которого участник может осуществлять также некоторые финансовые права по отношению к компании. С этой точки зрения ICO-кампания очень похожа на EBCF, отличаясь от нее в основном используемыми технологическими решениями, главным из которых является блокчейн-технология. Кроме того, в статье дается характеристика ICO с точки зрения ее функционирования, а именно ее связь с блокчейном и смарт-контрактами, а также различные модели токенов.IEO можно считать одним из новейших вариантов ICO. Основное различие между ними заключается в том, что IEO-кампании проводятся не на сайте, принадлежащем компании, а на конкретной платформе, а именно на бирже криптоактивов.Изучение возможностей ICO и IEO (например, программируемость, отказ от посредничества и токени-зация) показывает, каким образом ICO и IEO могут обойти большинство упомянутых минусов, присущих EBCF. Это позволяет рассматривать ICO и IEO как эволюцию EBCF. В статье также рассматриваются недостатки ICO и IEO (нетранспарентность, неясный режим регулирования, для IEO — опасная близость с инвесторами и потенциальный конфликт интересов). Сравнительный анализ плюсов и минусов ICO и IEO позволяет понять, действительно ли мы находимся перед двумя эволюционными технологиями EBCF или они ближе к «инволюции» этого инструмента, принимая во внимание регуляторные решения, которые могут помочь избежать второго варианта.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article analyzes two of the last innovative financing instruments of the crowdfunding family: Initial Coin Offering (ICO) and Initial Exchange Offering (IEO). Having both a potential financial nature, they will be addressed as «sons» of Equity-based Crowdfunding (EBCF). The main scope of this paper is to show opportunities and dangers of ICO and IEO through a comparison with EBCF. Indeed, at the end of the analysis it will be possible to understand if ICO and IEO can be considered as positive evolution of EBCF or — at least one of them — can be considered so dangerous to appear as a sort of «involution».In order to answer our question, the discussion firstly focuses on EBCF, the innovative financing instrument being one of the most important figures of the «crowdfunding family». Its importance lies in its financial nature that makes this instrument different from the other models (meaning the donation, reward and lending). Participating in an EBCF-campaign, indeed, lets participants become shareholders of the company they are giving money to. So, the main pros and cons of the participation in an EBCF campaign will be disclosed. In particular, granting easier access to capitals together with the possibility to benefit from the so-called «wisdom of the crowd» allowed EBCF to become one of the most innovative financing tools of our age. However, these advantages need to be mitigated with the main risks occurring during a crowdfunding campaign. These are: moral hazard and frauds, arbitrary exclusion during pre-emptive screening by platform and, last but not least, illiquidity.Therefore, the discussion moves to the technological advanced new entry of the crowdfunding family, meaning ICO and IEO. In order to understand why ICO and IEO are so similar to EBCF, both the main characteristic of these instruments will be described. With reference to ICO, first of all this article provides a brief description of the technology that makes this innovative financing tool the advanced «son» of EBCF. Indeed, through the launch of an ICO, a company asks the crowd a precise amount of money in exchange of a «token»: an informatic instrument through which the participant may exercise also some financial rights towards the company. From this point of view, an ICO-campaign is very similar to an EBCF one, lying the main difference in the technological solutions used, the queen on those is blockchain. Furthermore, ICO characteristic will be outlined in order to disclose its functioning — meaning the relation with blockchain and smart contracts — and the different models of tokens.After that, also IEO will be described. IEO could be considered one of the last variants of ICO. The main difference, indeed, lies in the fact that IEO campaigns are not conducted in the website owned by the company but in a specific platform, that is a crypto-asset exchange.The exam of ICO and IEO potentialities (i.e. programmability, disintermediation and tokenization) will highlight how ICO and IEO may solve most of the mentioned EBCF cons. This will lead to the potential consideration of ICO and IEO as evolution of EBCF. However, also ICO and IEO cons will be highlighted (meaning lack of transparency, not clear regulatory regime and, for IEO in particular, dangerous proximity with investors and potential conflict of interest). From the comparison between ICO and IEO pros and cons it will be possible to discuss on if we are really in front of two evolution of EBCF or nearer to an «involution» of this instrument, considering regulatory solutions in order to avoid this second scenario.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инструменты финансирования</kwd><kwd>краудфандинг</kwd><kwd>«краудфандинговая семья»</kwd><kwd>первоначальное предложение монет (ICO)</kwd><kwd>первоначальное биржевое предложение (IEO)</kwd><kwd>акционерный краудфандинг (EBCF)</kwd><kwd>программируемость</kwd><kwd>отказ от посредничества</kwd><kwd>токенизация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>financing instruments</kwd><kwd>crowdfunding</kwd><kwd>«crowdfunding family»</kwd><kwd>Initial Coin Offering (ICO)</kwd><kwd>Initial Exchange Offering (IEO)</kwd><kwd>Equity-based Crowdfunding (EBCF)</kwd><kwd>programmability</kwd><kwd>disintermediation</kwd><kwd>tokenization</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agrawal A. 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