<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lexrussica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Lex russica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lex Russica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1729-5920</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7869</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MSAL</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17803/1729-5920.2021.180.11.039-051</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lexrussica-2183</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПУБЛИЧНОЕ ПРАВО / JUS PUBLICUM</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PUBLIC LAW / JUS PUBLICUM</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Национально-этнические анклавы в современном мире: природа, инструменты регуляции (публично-правовой аспект). Часть 1</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>National and Ethnic Enclaves in the Modern World: Nature, Regulatory Instruments (Public Law Aspect). Part 1</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ирхин</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Irkhin</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирхин Игорь Валерьевич - доктор юридических наук, старший научный сотрудник.</p><p>Ставропольская ул., д. 149, г. Краснодар, 350040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor V. Irkhin - Dr. Sci. (Law), Senior Researcher</p><p>Ul. Stavropolskaya, d. 149, Krasnodar 350040</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dissertacia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кубанский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kuban State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>74</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ирхин И.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ирхин И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Irkhin I.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/2183">https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/2183</self-uri><abstract><p>Национально-этнические анклавы являются одной из форм материализации «параллельных пространств» (во всей палитре присущих им свойств), а потому их правомерно квалифицировать в качестве уникальной практики преломления концепции мультикультурализма. Как показал исторический опыт, презумпция взаимного стремления к интеграции на основе признания концепции мультикультурализма в качестве руководящего принципа взаимоотношений (прежде всего применительно к европейским государствам и находящимся в их пределах мигрантским группам) не оправдала себя ввиду недостаточного учета всего объема факторов воздействия (рисков). На этой основе подчеркивается значимость применения подхода, в структуру которого имплементированы дифференцированные комплексные методологические формулы (политико-правовые, социально-экономические, национальнокультурные), позволяющие гармонизировать «иностранные» аутентичные культуры (в том числе религиозные практики, поведенческие модели в рамках общих социальных пространств) с доминирующей и исторически обусловленной культурой принимающего сообщества с признанием примата данной культуры (в том числе гетерогенного характера).</p><p>Анклавы рассматриваются в качестве пространственно-географического и социально-институционального феномена. Пространственно-географическая составляющая отражает инфраструктурный ландшафт анклава, в том числе экономические, производственные, экологические особенности в определенных географических координатах (на местоположении). Социально-институциональная переменная характеризует сообщество, возникшее и функционирующее в силу и в рамках определенных групп параметров соидентичности (национальный, религиозный, лингвистический, правовой (обычно-правовой) и пр.), подчеркивает имманентные для него связи (внутренние и внешние). Под национально-этническими анклавами предлагается понимать обособленные квазитерриториальные образования, где в силу объективно вынужденных условий компактно проживают (постоянно или временно) национальные меньшинства (преимущественно мигрантские группы), придерживающиеся аутентичного образа жизни, который отличается от общепринятого (мэйнстрим) в принимающем обществе. В статье выделены характерные императивные и факультативные признаки анклавов, подчеркивается гетерогенная конфигурация социальной структуры анклавов, исследованы причины формирования и функции этнонациональных анклавов, выявлены сходства и отличия анклавов от гетто и этнобурбов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>National and ethnic enclaves constitute one of the forms of "parallel spaces" materialization (In the entire palette of inherent properties) and, therefore, it is legitimate to qualify them as a unique practice of refraction of the concept of multiculturalism. Historical experience has shown that the presumption of mutual desire for integration based on the recognition of the concept of multiculturalism as a guiding principle of relations (primarily in relation to European states and migrant groups within their borders) did not justify itself due to insufficient consideration of the entire scope of influencing factors (risks). On this basis, the author emphasizes the importance of applying an approach the structure of which includes differentiated complex methodological formulas (political and legal, socio-economic, national-cultural) that encourage harmonization of "foreign" authentic cultures (including religious practices, behavioural patterns in the framework of social environments) with a dominant and historically determined culture of the host community with the recognition of the primacy of its culture (including a heterogeneous nature).</p><p>Enclaves are viewed as a spatial-geographical and socio-institutional phenomenon. The spatial and geographical component reflects the infrastructure landscape of the enclave, including the inherent economic, production, and environmental features in certain geographical coordinates (at the location). A socio-institutional variable characterizes a community that has appeared and functions by virtue of and within certain groups of co-identity parameters (national, religious, linguistic, legal (usually legal), etc.), emphasizes its inherent connections (internal and external). Under national-ethnic enclaves it is proposed to understand separate quasi-territorial formations, where, due to objectively forced conditions, national minorities (mainly migrant groups) live compactly (permanently or temporarily), adhering to an authentic way of life that differs from the generally accepted way (mainstream) in the host society. The paper highlights the characteristic imperative and optional features of enclaves, emphasizes the heterogeneous configuration of the social structure of enclaves, investigates the reasons for the formation and functions of ethno-national enclaves, identifies the similarities and differences between enclaves and ghettos and ethno-burbes.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>государство</kwd><kwd>межнациональные отношения</kwd><kwd>миграция</kwd><kwd>сегрегация</kwd><kwd>анклавы</kwd><kwd>протоанклавы</kwd><kwd>гетто</kwd><kwd>этнобурбы</kwd><kwd>публично-правовое регулирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>state</kwd><kwd>interethnic relations</kwd><kwd>migration</kwd><kwd>segregation</kwd><kwd>enclaves</kwd><kwd>proto-enclaves</kwd><kwd>ghetto</kwd><kwd>ethno-turbans</kwd><kwd>public law regulation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вендина О. И., Панин А. Н., Тикунов В. С. Социальное пространство Москвы: особенности и структура // Известия РАН. Серия географическая. — 2019. — № 6. — С. 6-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vendina OI, Panin AN, Tikunov VS. Sotsialnoe prostranstvo Moskvy: osobennosti i struktura [Social space of Moscow: features and structure]. Izvestiya RAN. Geographic Series. 2019;6:6-17 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вирт Л. Гетто // Чикагская социология : сборник переводов / РАН. ИНИОН. Центр социал. науч.-информ. исслед. Отд. социологии и социал. психологии ; сост. и пер. В. Г. Николаев ; отв. ред. Д. В. Ефременко. — М., 2015. — С. 107-166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Virt L. Getto [Ghetto]. In: Efremenko DV, editor. Chicago Sociology: Collected Works. Translations. Tr. by Nikolaev VG. Moscow: RAS. INION. Center for social. scientific-inform. research. Dept. sociology and social. psychology; 2015 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григоричев К. В. «Таджики», «нерусские», «гастарбайтеры» и другие: иностранные трудовые мигранты в пригородах Иркутска // Этнографическое обозрение. — 2012. — № 4. — С. 14-31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigorichev KV. «Tadzhiki», «nerusskie», «gastarbaytery» i drugie: inostrannye trudovye migranty v prigorodakh Irkutska [The Tajik, Non-Russians, Gastarbeiters, and others: Foreign Migrant Workers in the Suburbs of Irkutsk]. Ethnographic Abstract. 2012;4:14-31 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клоков П. В коттеджных поселках появились городки мигрантов // Комсомольская правда. — 11.11.2019. — URL: https://www.msk.kp.rU/daily/27053.5/4119877/ (дата обращения: 11.05.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klokov P. V kottedzhnykh poselkakh poyavilis gorodki migrantov [Small towns of migrants appeared in cottage settlements]. Moskovsky Komsomolets [11 November 2019] (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Купер А. Чужой район: Москву окружат гетто для мигрантов // Lenta.ru. — 09.01.2018. — URL: https:// lenta.ru/articles/2018/01/09/ghetto/ (дата обращения: 11.05.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuper A. Chuzhoy rayon: Moskvu okruzhat getto dlya migrantov [A foreign area: Moscow will be surrounded by a ghetto for migrants]. Lenta. ru [9 November 2018] (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова А. С. Изучение факторов формирования национальных анклавов в условиях мегаполисов // Демографический потенциал стран ЕАЭС : VIII Уральский демографический форум. — Екатеринбург : Институт экономики УрО РАН, 2017. — Т. 2. — С. 329-333.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova AS. Izuchenie faktorov formirovaniya natsionalnykh anklavov v usloviyakh megapolisov [Studying the factors of formation of national enclaves in the conditions of megalopolises]. In: Demographic potential of the EAEU countries: VIII Ural Demographic Forum. Vol. 2. Yekaterinburg: Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 2017 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bryson E. Functions of Urban Ethnic Enclaves with a Focus on South Boston's Ethnic Irish Enclave in a Historical Perspectives. Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1768. — 2003. — 63 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bryson E. Functions of Urban Ethnic Enclaves with a Focus on South Boston's Ethnic Irish Enclave in a Historical Perspectives. Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1768; 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaney J. The Formation of a Hispanic Enclave in Nashville, Tennessee // Southeastern Geographer. — 2010. — Vol. 50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaney J. The Formation of a Hispanic Enclave in Nashville, Tennessee. Southeastern Geographer. 2010;50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dang A. The impact of ethnic enclaves on the assimilation of a community: the case of Chineser in New York and Los Angeles. — 10 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dang A. The impact of ethnic enclaves on the assimilation of a community: the case of Chineser in New York and Los Angeles.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gifis S. H. Law Dictionary. — 4th ed. — Barrons, 1996. — 561 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gifis SH, editor. Law Dictionary. 4th ed. Barrons; 1996.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hiebert D. Ethnocultural Minority Enclaves in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver // IRPP Study 52. — Montreal : Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2015. — 49 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hiebert D. Ethnocultural Minority Enclaves in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. IRPP Study 52. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy; 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li W. Ethnoburb: The New Ethnic Community in Urban America. — University of Hawai'i Press, 2009. — 214 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yi Jiang. Signs in Urban Spaces in Ethnic Enclaves: A Case Study of Manhattan Chinatown : A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation Columbia University in the City of New York. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Urban Planning; 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liempt I. From Dutch Dispersal to Ethnic Enclaves in the UK: The Relationship between Segregation and Integration Examined through the Eyes of Somalis // Urban Studies Journal Foundation. — 2011. — Vol. 22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li W. Ethnoburb: The New Ethnic Community in Urban America. University of Hawai'i Press; 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marcuse P. Enclaves Yes, Ghettoes, No: Segregation and the State. — 2001. — 15 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liempt I. From Dutch Dispersal to Ethnic Enclaves in the UK: The Relationship between Segregation and Integration Examined through the Eyes of Somalis. Urban Studies Journal Foundation. 2011;22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marten L., Hainmueller J., Hangartner D. Ethnic network can foster the economic integration of refugees // PNAS. — 2019. — Vol. 116. — № 33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marcuse P. Enclaves Yes, Ghettoes, No: Segregation and the State; 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ModelS. A Comparative Perspective on the Ethnic Enclave: Blacks, Italians, and Jews in New York City // International Migration Abstract. — 1985. — Vol. 19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marten L, Hainmueller J, Hangartner D. Ethnic network can foster the economic integration of refugees. PNAS. 2019;116(33).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qadeer M., Agrawal S. K., Lovell A. Evolution of Ethnic Enclaves in the Toronto Metropolitan Area, 20012006 // Journal of International Migration and Integration = Revue de l'integrationet de la migration internationale. — 2010. — Vol. 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Model S. A Comparative Perspective on the Ethnic Enclave: Blacks, Italians, and Jews in New York City. International Migration Abstract. 1985;19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sabatini F. The Social Segregation in the Cities of Latin America. — Washington, DC : Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), Sustainable Development Department, Social Programs Division, 2006. — 40 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qadeer M, Agrawal S K, Lovell A. Evolution of Ethnic Enclaves in the Toronto Metropolitan Area, 20012006. Journal of International Migration and Integration = Revue de I'integrationet de la migration internationale. 2010;11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shuang Li. Ethnicity and Migration — The Concentration and Dispersion of Foreigh-Born Asians and Hispanics in the United States. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. — 2020. — 174 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sabatini F. The Social Segregation in the Cities of Latin America. — Washington, DC : Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), Sustainable Development Department, Social Programs Division; 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valenzuela-Garcia H., Molina J., Lubbers M., Garcia-Macias A., Pampalona J., Lerner J. On Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Networks in a Multilayered Reality: Clashing Interests in the Ethnic Enclave of Lloret de Mar // Societies. — 2014. — Vol. 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shuang Li Ethnicity and Migration — The Concentration and Dispersion of Foreigh-Born Asians and Hispanics in the United States. Electronic Theses and Dissertations; 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang W, Zhou S., Fan C. Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing // Eurasian Geography and Economics. — 2002. — Vol. 43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valenzuela-Garcia H, Molina J, Lubbers M, Garcia-Macias A, Pampalona J, Lerner J. On Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Networks in a Multilayered Reality: Clashing Interests in the Ethnic Enclave of Lloret de Mar. Societies. 2014;4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong A., Anderson K., Ang I., McNeill D. Sydney's Chinatown in the Asian Century: From ethnic enclave to global hub. Research Report. Western Sydney University. — 2016. — 81 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang W, Zhou S, Fan C. Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing. Eurasian Geography and Economics. 2002;43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yi Jiang. Signs in Urban Spaces in Ethnic Enclaves: A Case Study of Manhattan Chinatown : A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation Columbia University in the City of New York. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Urban Planning. — May 2018. — 63 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong A, Anderson K, Ang I, McNeill D. Sydney's Chinatown in the Asian Century: From ethnic enclave to global hub. Research Report. Western Sydney University; 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou M. Ethnic enclaves and niches. — 4 February, 2013. — Wiley Online Library.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou M. Ethnic enclaves and niches. Wiley Online Library; 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou M., Tseng Y.-F., Kim R. Rethinking Residential Assimilation: The Case of a Chinese Ethnoburb in the San Gabriel Valley, California // Amerasia Journal. — 2008. — Vol. 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou M, Tseng Y-F, Kim R. Rethinking Residential Assimilation: The Case of a Chinese Ethnoburb in the San Gabriel Valley, California. Amerasia Journal. 2008;3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
