<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lexrussica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Lex russica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lex Russica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1729-5920</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7869</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MSAL</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17803/1729-5920.2022.190.9.108-120</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lexrussica-2633</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОРИЯ ПРАВА / THEORIA LEX</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEORY OF LAW / THEORIA LEX</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Замыкание в «цифровой контур»: возможные последствия для современных правовых систем</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Shaping «Digital Circuit»: Possible Consequences for Modern Legal Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рувинский</surname><given-names>Р. З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ruvinskiy</surname><given-names>R. Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рувинский Роман Зиновьевич, кандидат юридических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры истории и теории государства и права </p><p>просп. Гагарина, д. 46, г. Нижний Новгород, 603950</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Roman Z. Ruvinskiy, Cand. Sci. (Law), Associate Professor, Associate Professor, Department of History and Theory of State and Law</p><p>prosp. Gagarina, d. 46, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ruvinskiy-rz@ranepa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Нижегородский институт управления — филиал Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации (РАНХиГС)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management (Branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA))</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>75</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>108</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рувинский Р.З., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рувинский Р.З.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ruvinskiy R.Z.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/2633">https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/2633</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье представлен теоретико-правовой анализ происходящих в последние годы во всем мире процессов замыкания индивидов, юридических лиц и общества в целом в «цифровой контур», то есть особую среду коммуникации субъектов и управления их поведением посредством алгоритмических систем обработки и анализа данных о них. Отмечены основные направления выстраивания системы регулирования поведения индивидов через анализ и обработку персональных данных: интеграция различных государственных баз данных с информацией о субъектах в рамках проектов электронного правительства, развитие систем видеонаблюдения и автоматизированного анализа видеособытий, контроль за цифровыми следами индивида в сети Интернет. Установлено, что цифровое профилирование индивидов и организаций на основе собранных о них данных позволяет государственным органам реализовывать политику допуска и ограничений, обусловливая доступ к публичным услугам и частным сервисам содержанием и качеством биографической (репутационной) информации о субъекте в соответствующих базах данных. В известной степени выстраиваемая система регулирования перекликается с идеями конфуцианства: вместо принципа равенства субъектов перед законом и судом формируется иерархическое (ранжированное) общество, границы свободы членов которого определяются не законом, а их репутацией, то есть данными в соответствующих источниках; правовое поведение субъектов ритуализируется, становится в большей степени результатом привычки и конформизма, нежели сознательного выбора; право сливается с социальной этикой. Отмеченные трансформации означают необратимое изменение самих оснований правовых систем западного типа. На основе выявленных тенденций представлен вероятностный прогноз развития правовых систем, предложено возможное объяснение указанных трансформаций.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents a theoretical and legal analysis of the processes that result in bringing individuals, legal entities and society as a whole to the «digital circuit», that is, a special environment for communication between subjects and management of their behavior through algorithmic systems of processing and analyzing data thereof. The main directions of building a system for regulating the behavior of individuals through the analysis and processing of personal data are noted. The integration of various state databases with information about subjects within the framework of e-government projects, the development of video surveillance systems and automated analysis of video events, control over the digital traces of an individual on the Internet. Digital profiling of individuals and organizations based on the data collected about them allows government agencies to implement a policy of admission and restrictions, conditioning access to public services and private services on the content and quality of biographical (reputational) information about the subject in the relevant databases. To a certain extent, the developing regulatory system echoes the ideas of Confucianism. A hierarchical (ranked) society is formed instead of the principle of equality of subjects before the law and the court; the boundaries of freedom of its members are determined not by the law, but by their reputation, that is, data in relevant sources; the legal behavior of subjects is ritualized, becomes more the result of habit and conformity than conscious choice; law merges with social ethics. These transformations mean an irreversible change in the very foundations of Western-type legal systems. The author presents a probabilistic forecast of the development of legal systems following the identified trends, and proposes a possible explanation of these transformations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>репутация</kwd><kwd>система социального кредита</kwd><kwd>социальный этикет</kwd><kwd>цифровой профиль</kwd><kwd>цифровая трансформация</kwd><kwd>алгоритмическое управление</kwd><kwd>деградация закона</kwd><kwd>кризис права</kwd><kwd>технологическая нормативность</kwd><kwd>права граждан</kwd><kwd>перспективная юридическая ответственность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>reputation</kwd><kwd>social credit system</kwd><kwd>social etiquette</kwd><kwd>digital profile</kwd><kwd>digital transformation</kwd><kwd>algorithmic management</kwd><kwd>degradation of the law</kwd><kwd>crisis of law</kwd><kwd>technological normativity</kwd><kwd>citizens’ rights</kwd><kwd>prospective legal responsibility</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 20-011-00173.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project № 20-011-00173</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Берман Г. Дж. Западная традиция права: эпоха формирования : пер. с англ. — 2-е изд. — М. : Изд-во МГУ : Инфра-М — Норма, 1998. — 624 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berman G.D. Zapadnaya traditsiya prava: epokha formirovaniya [The Western tradition of law: the age of formation]. Transl. from Eng. 2nd edition. Moscow: MSU: Infra-M — Norma Publ.; 1998. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гегель Г. В. Ф. Философия права : пер. с нем. — М. : Мысль, 1990. — 524 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hegel GVF. Filosofiya prava [Philosophy of Law]. Transl. from Germ. Moscow: Mysl Publ.; 1990. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Делёз Ж. Post scriptum к обществам контроля // Переговоры: 1972–1990 / пер. с фр. В. Ю. Быстрова. — СПб. : Наука, 2004. — С. 226–233.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deleuze J. Post scriptum k obshchestvam kontrolya [Post scriptum to control societies]. In: Deleuze J. Peregovory: 1972–1990 [Negotiations: 1972–1990]. Trans. from Fr. Bystrov VYu. St. Petersburg: Nauka Publ.; 2004. Pp. 226–233. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дигесты Юстиниана / пер. с лат. ; отв. ред. Л. Л. Кофанов. — 2-е изд. — Т. 1. — М. : Статут, 2008. — 584 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kofanov LL, editor. Digesty Yustiniana [Digests of Justinian]. Transl. from Lat. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Moscow: Statut Publ.; 2008. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зорькин В. Д. Цивилизация права и развитие России. — 2-е изд. — М. : Норма, Инфра-М, 2016. — 416 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zorkin VD. Tsivilizatsiya prava i razvitie Rossii [The civilization of law and development of Russia]. 2nd ed. Moscow: Norma: Infra-M Publ.; 2016. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кашкин С. Ю., Алтухов А. В. Роль искусственного интеллекта в становлении платформенного права и его эволюции в направлении концепции права экосистем // Lex russica. — 2022. — Т. 75. — № 1. — С. 94–108. — DOI: 10.17803/1729-5920.2022.182.1.094-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashkin SYu, Altukhov AV. Rol iskusstvennogo intellekta v stanovlenii platformennogo prava i ego evolyutsii v napravlenii kontseptsii prava ekosistem [The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Formation of Platform Law and its Evolution towards the Concept of Ecosystem Law]. Lex Russica. 2022;75(1):94-108. DOI: 10.17803/1729-5920.2022.182.1.094-108. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Конфуций. Суждения и беседы / пер. с кит. Л. С. Переломова. — М. : Рипол-классик, 2017. — 360 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Confucius. Suzhdeniya i besedy [Judgments and conversations]. Transl. from Chinese by Perelomov LS. Moscow: Ripoll Klassik Publ.; 2017. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Куксин И. Н., Николаева Ж. А. Позитивная и негативная ответственность как виды юридической ответственности // Теория государства и права. — 2021. — Т. 22. — № 2. — С. 120–129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuksin IN, Nikolaeva ZhA. Pozitivnaya i negativnaya otvetstvennost kak vidy yuridicheskoy otvetstvennosti [Positive and negative liability as types of legal liability]. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava [Theory of state and law]. 2021;22(2):120-129. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малявин В. В. Китайская цивилизация. — М. : Дизайн. Информация. Картография : Астрель : АСТ, 2001. — 632 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malyavin VV. Kitayskaya tsivilizatsiya [Chinese civilization]. Moscow: Dizayn. Informatsiya. Kartografiya: Astrel: AST Publ.; 2001. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мишина Н. В. Право искусственного интеллекта как новая сфера правового регулирования или новая отрасль права // Евразийский союз ученых. — 2020. — Т. 72. — № 3. — С. 62–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mishina NV. Pravo iskusstvennogo intellekta kak novaya sfera pravovogo regulirovaniya ili novaya otrasl prava [Artificial intelligence law as a new sphere of legal regulation or a new branch of law]. Evraziyskiy soyuz uchenykh [Eurasian Union of Scientists]. 2020;72(3):62-65. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рожкова М. А. Является ли цифровое право отраслью права и ожидать ли появления цифрового кодекса? // Хозяйство и право. — 2020. — № 4 (519). — С. 3–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozhkova MA. Yavlyaetsya li tsifrovoe pravo otraslyu prava i ozhidat li poyavleniya tsifrovogo kodeksa? [Is digital law a branch of law and should we expect the appearance of a digital code?]. Khozyaystvo i pravo [Business and Law]. 2020;519(4):3-12. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рувинский Р. З., Тарасов А. А. «Система социального кредита»: исторические предпосылки и доктринальные основания феномена // Национальная безопасность. — 2020. — № 3. — С. 72–88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruvinskiy RZ, Tarasov AA. «Sistema sotsialnogo kredita»: istoricheskie predposylki i doktrinalnye osnovaniya fenomena [«Social credit system»: Historical prerequisites and doctrinal foundations of the phenomenon]. Natsionalnaya bezopasnost [National Security]. 2020;3:72-88. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Руссо Ж.-Ж. Об общественном договоре, или Принципы политического права // Об общественном договоре : трактаты : пер. с фр. — М. : Терра — Книжный клуб ; Канон-пресс-Ц, 2000. — С. 195–322.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rousseau JJ. Ob obshchestvennom dogovore, ili printsipy politicheskogo prava [A Treatise on the Social Compact: Or the Principles of Political Law]. In: Roussau JJ. Ob obshchestvennom dogovore: Traktaty [On social contract: Treatises. Trans. from Fr.]. Moscow: Terra-Book Club Publ.; Kanon-press-Ts Publ.; 2000. Pp. 195–322. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сюнь-Цзы // Классическое конфуцианство : в 2 т. / переводы, статьи, комментарии А. Мартынова и И. Зограф. — Т. 2. — СПб. : Нева ; М. : Олма-Пресс, 2000. — 208 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xun-Tzu. Klassicheskoe konfutsianstvo: perevody, stati, kommentarii A. Martynova i I. Zograf: v 2 t. [Classical Confucianism: Translations, articles, and comments by A. Martynov and I. Zograf. In 2 vols.]. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg: Neva Publ,; Moscow: Olma-Press Publ.; 2000. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фуко М. Безопасность, территория, население : курс лекций, прочитанных в Коллеж де Франс в 1977– 1978 учебном году : пер. с фр. — СПб. : Наука, 2011. — 544 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foucault M. Bezopasnost, territoriya, naselenie: kurs lektsiy, prochitannykh v Kollezh de Frans v 1977–1978 uchebnom godu [Security, territory, population: A lecture course delivered at the Collège de France in the 1977–1978 academic year.]. Transl. from Fr. St. Petersburg: Nauka Publ.; 2011. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Creemers R. China’s social credit system: An evolving practice of control // URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3175792 (дата обращения: 19.04.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Creemers R. China’s social credit system: An evolving practice of control. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3175792 [Accessed: 04.19.2022].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feldstein S. The Global Expansion of AI Surveillance. — Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2019. — URL: https://carnegieendowment.org/files/WP-Feldstein-AISurveillance_final1.pdf (дата обращения: 12.04.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feldstein S. The Global Expansion of AI Surveillance. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2019. Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/files/WP-Feldstein-AISurveillance_final1.pdf [Accessed: 12.04.2022].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grönlund Å., Horan T. A. Introducing e-Gov: History, definitions, and issues // Communications of the Association for Information Systems. — 2005. — Vol. 15. — P. 713–730.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grönlund Å, Horan TA. Introducing e-Gov: History, definitions, and issues. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 2005;15:713-730.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hildebrandt M. Legal and Technological Normativity: More (and Less) than Twin Sisters // Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology. — 2008. — Vol. 12. — No. 3. — DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/techne20081232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hildebrandt M. Legal and Technological Normativity: More (and Less) than Twin Sisters. Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology. 2008;12:3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/techne20081232.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hildebrandt M. Smart Technologies and the End(s) of Law: Novel Entanglements of Law and Technology. — Cheltenham, UK &amp; Northampton, MA, USA : Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hildebrandt M. Smart Technologies and the End(s) of Law: Novel Entanglements of Law and Technology. Cheltenham, UK &amp; Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu H. W., Lin C. F., Chen Y. J. Beyond State v. Loomis: Artificial Intelligence, Government Algorithmization and Accountability // International Journal of Law and Information Technology. — 2019. — Vol. 27. — No. 2. — P. 122–141.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu HW, Lin CF, Chen YJ. Beyond State v. Loomis: Artificial Intelligence, Government Algorithmization and Accountability. International Journal of Law and Information Technology. 2019;27(2):122-141.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mac Síthigh D., Siems M. The Chinese Social Credit System: A Model for Other Countries? // Modern Law Review. — 2019. — Vol. 82. — No. 6. — P. 1034–1071.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mac Síthigh D, Siems M. The Chinese Social Credit System: A Model for Other Countries? Modern Law Review. 2019;82(6):1034-1071.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olberding A. Etiquette: A Confucian Contribution to Moral Philosophy // Ethics. — 2016. — Vol. 126. — No. 2. — P. 422–446.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olberding A. Etiquette: A Confucian Contribution to Moral Philosophy. Ethics. 2016;126(2):422-446.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oliveira A. Subject (in) Trouble: Humans, Robots, and Legal Imagination // Laws. — 2020. — Vol. 9. — No. 2. — DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/laws9020010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oliveira A. Subject (in) Trouble: Humans, Robots, and Legal Imagination. Laws. 2020;9(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/laws9020010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rouvinsky R. Lawmaking in times of domestic and foreign-policy instability (the Russian experience) // The Theory and Practice of Legislation. — 2021. — Vol. 9. — No. 1. — P. 117–139. — DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20508840.2020.1841986.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rouvinsky R. Lawmaking in times of domestic and foreign-policy instability (the Russian experience). The Theory and Practice of Legislation. 2021;9(1):117-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20508840.2020.1841986.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmitt C. Die Lage der europäischen Rechtswissenschaft. — Tübingen : Internationaler Universitäts-Verlag, 1950. — 32 s.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmitt C. Die Lage der europäischen Rechtswissenschaft. Tübingen: Internationaler Universitäts-Verlag; 1950.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tippet E. The Legal Implications of the MeToo Movement // Minnesota Law Review. — 2018. — Vol. 103. — No. 57. — P. 229–302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tippet E. The Legal Implications of the MeToo Movement. Minnesota Law Review. 2018;103(57):229-302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wadhwa T. Smart Cities: Toward the Surveillance Society? // Smart Cities as Democratic Ecologies / ed. by D. Araya. — London : Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. — P. 125–141.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wadhwa T. Smart Cities: Toward the Surveillance Society? In: Araya D, editor. Smart Cities as Democratic Ecologies. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2015. Pp. 125–141.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xunzi: The Complete Text / trans. by E. L. Hutton. — Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xunzi. The Complete Text. Trans. by Hutton EL. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu K. Towards Graduated Citizenship: A Study of Social Credit Systems in China // Critique: a worldwide student journal of politics. — 2020, Spring. — P. 28–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu K. Towards Graduated Citizenship: A Study of Social Credit Systems in China. Critique: A Worldwide Student Journal of Politics. 2020;Spring:28-55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
