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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lexrussica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Lex russica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lex Russica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1729-5920</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7869</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MSAL</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17803/1729-5920.2023.195.2.122-133</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lexrussica-2911</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЮРИДИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКИ / PROBLEMA PRINCIPALE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE  LEGAL SCIENCE / PROBLEMA PRINCIPALE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Права не «на природу», но «права природы»: договор с живым существом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Rights, Not «To» but «Of» the Nature: Legal Deal with Meal</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Устахалилоглу</surname><given-names>М. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ustahaliloğlu</surname><given-names>M. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>УСТАХАЛИЛОГЛУ Мустафа Кенан, доктор кафедры коммерческого права </p><p>Османие Коркут Ата Университет Каракаоглан Ерлешкеси, Османие, Турция, 8000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ustahaliloğlu Mustafa Kenan, doctor of Commercial law department </p><p>Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Karacaoğlan Yerleşkesi, Osmaniye,  8000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mkustahaliloglu@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Османие Коркут Ата</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Osmaniye Korkut Ata University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>76</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>122</fpage><lpage>133</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Устахалилоглу М.К., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Устахалилоглу М.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ustahaliloğlu M.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/2911">https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/2911</self-uri><abstract><p>Дилемма, которая стоит перед человеком, состоит в том, что, хотя человек и осознаёт то, что, с одной стороны, поддержание его жизни полностью зависит от существования природных живых существ, с другой стороны, он также хочет использовать (usus), эксплуатировать (fructus) и даже злоупотреблять (abusus) ими. Эта дилемма возникла после того, как отношение к живым существам как к «ресурсам» привело к исчезновению многих из них, показав, что этот источник не бесконечен. Неоспоримым фактом является то, что живые существа являются единственными источниками устойчивости жизни всех организмов. Однако это ни в коем случае не означает, что их можно использовать, эксплуатировать и злоупотреблять ими по своему усмотрению. Ибо в природе существует чудесный круговорот, который можно кратко охарактеризовать как «эффект бабочки»: планета, на которой мы живем, подобна замкнутому контуру; ни один организм не исчезает, а просто гниет, растворяется и трансформируется в другой организм.</p><p>Давайте посмотрим на воду: из облака она попадает на землю в чистом виде; она образует реки, озера, моря и океаны; она поглощается почвой; после поглощения оттуда растением через его корни она смешивается с другими химическими веществами, которые в них содержатся и в таком виде хранятся как фрукты, привлекая животных и людей; после переваривания в их телах эти вещества превращаются в кровь, путешествуют по венам; через различные выделения и потоотделение или гниения тел после смерти они возвращаются обратно в почву; затем эти вещества испаряются, формируя новое облако. Давайте взглянем на кислород: он присутствует, помимо воздуха, везде, где существует вода, компонентом которой он является вместе с парой атомов водорода — это такой чудесный состав: пара горючих газов вместе с газом для горелки, вместо того чтобы вызывать пожар, создают жидкость для огнетушителя; она разлетается повсюду вместе с другими газами; в результате постоянного вдыхания животными и людьми, а растениями — только ночью, она соединяется с другим атомом кислорода и одним углеродом и превращается в двуокись углерода; возвращается обратно в свою первоначальную форму в результате процесса фотосинтеза растений в дневное время.</p><p>Следовательно, почва, образованная минералами и органическими материалами, солнце, воздух и вода — все вместе делает возможной жизнь растений, животных и людей. Растения дают возможность жить почти всем животным и человеческим существам, а животные дают возможность жить большинству людей и некоторым растениям. Эти два природные существа, помимо воды, должны потребляться как единственный источник пищи для продолжения человеческой жизни. Так же, как это происходило с начала времен, точно такие же частицы в этих организмах формируют тело человека, который употребляет их в пищу. Затем они снова трансформируются обратно в свои первоначальные состояния, чтобы появилась новая оболочка, которая примет новую душу после смерти человека.</p><p>Живые существа, которые мы сейчас рассматриваем в качестве пищи, исчезают только до размера частиц, что ясно видно в случае с вымершими живыми существами — как растениями, так и животными. Этот факт позволяет сделать вывод, что мы должны защищать их, то есть прекратить их уничтожать, по крайней мере, ради нас самих. Наиболее часто используемым правовым инструментом для такой защиты является метод, основанный на наказании, при котором предусмотренные действия, как правило, запрещены законодателем, а те, кто их нарушает, подвергаются наказаниям, предписанным судами. Два наиболее важных недостатка этого метода заключаются в наложении санкций на непредвиденные действия и в обеспечении того, чтобы предусмотренные санкции служили возмещению ущерба живым существам. Существует альтернативный метод, который используется в нескольких странах и устраняет вышеупомянутые недостатки: наделение живых существ правосубъектностью. В соответствии с этим; во-первых, может быть предъявлен иск о возмещении ущерба, нанесенному живому существу, независимо от того, предусмотрено это законодателем или нет; во-вторых, суд рассматривает фактический ущерб, причиненный живому существу, вместо заранее определенной фиксированной суммы, как в случае штрафа; в-третьих, компенсация, определенная судом, служит для возмещения ущерба, причиненного живому существу. Такое изменение точки зрения по отношению к ним имело бы огромное значение для упрощения и осуществления метода их защиты.</p><p>В этой статье мы рассматриваем новый вид правосубъектности под названием «природная правосубъектность» и которую мы, по аналогии с «общественным договором», определяем как «договор с живым существом», что позволит природным живым существам иметь свои собственные права.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The dilemma that human-beings are in is that; while they are aware that the sustainment of their own living fully depends on the sustainment of the natural-beings’ living, on the one hand, they also want to use (usus), exploit (fructus), and even abuse (abusus) them, on the other. This dilemma has emerged after the viewing of the natural-beings as «resources» has proved that they are not endless by causing the extinction of many of them. It is an undeniable fact that natural-beings are the only sources for the sustainability of all beings’ life. However; this, by no means, means that they can be used, exploited, and abused as one wishes. For, there is a miraculous circulation in nature that can be summarized as the «butterfly effect»: The planet we live on is like a closed circuit; that is, no being vanishes but just rots, dissolves and transforms into another being. Let’s take a look at the water: it drops from a cloud onto the earth in its pure form; it forms the rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans; it is absorbed by the soil; after being absorbed from there by a plant, via the roots thereof, it is mixed up with other chemicals therein and been stored thereby in the form of a fruit appetizing for animals and humanbeings; it turns into the blood after being digested in these beings’ bodies; it travels through the veins within their bodies; it returns back to the nature through the excretion and sweating processes or their burial upon the death of these beings; from where it evaporates to form another cloud. Let’s take a look at the oxygen: it exists in, in addition to the air, all the places mentioned above wherein exists the water, of which it is a component, together with a pair of hydrogens — which is such a miraculous composition: a couple of flammable gas together with a burner gas, instead of creating a fire, creates a fire-extinguisher liquid-; it flies all around along with other gases; as a result of being inhaled by animal and human-beings at all-times and by plants only at night-times, it couples with another oxygen and one carbon and turns into a carbon-dioxide; returns back to its original form as a result of the photosynthesis process of plants during daytime.</p><p>Therefore; the soil formed by minerals and organic materials, the Sun, the air, and the water, all together make the living of plants, animals, and human-beings possible. Plants make it possible for almost all animals and humanbeings to live, and animals make it possible for most human-beings and some plants to live. These two naturalliving-beings, besides water, should be consumed as the only source of food for the continuation of human life. The exact same particles in these beings, just in the same way they have been doing so since the beginning of time, do also compose the bodies of human-beings that consume them by eating and drinking; and they will again transform back to their original states in order to form a new corpse that will host a new soul after the death of these human-beings too.</p><p>The natural-beings that we now see in their form of the meal are only unvanishable in their particle form as clearly seen in the extinct-natural-living-beings’ case of both plants and animals. This reality brings us to the conclusion that; we must protect them, i.e., stop destroying them, at least for our own sake. The mostly used legal tool for this protection is a punishment-based method, in which the foreseen actions are prohibited as a rule by the legislator, and those who violate them are punished with the penalties prescribed by the courts. Two of the most important shortcomings of this method are to impose sanctions on unforeseen acts and to ensure that the foreseen sanctions serve to compensate the damaged natural-beings. There is an alternative method, that is in use in a few countries, fulfilling the above-mentioned shortcomings: attributing legal personality to natural-beings. According to this; first, an action may be brought for compensation for damage to a natural-being, whether foreseen by the legislator or not; secondly, the court considers the actual damage done to the naturalbeing instead of a predetermined fixed amount as in the case of a fine; thirdly, the compensation determined by the court serves to compensate the damages of the natural-being. Such a change of perspective towards them would make a huge difference in simplifying and effectuating their protection method.</p><p>In this paper, we will examine a new legal personality status, which we define as «legal deal with the meal» by analogy with «social contract», under the name of «natural personality», which will enable natural-beings to have their own rights.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>окружающая среда</kwd><kwd>защита</kwd><kwd>правосубъектность</kwd><kwd>физическое лицо</kwd><kwd>природная правосубъектность</kwd><kwd>общественный договор</kwd><kwd>человек</kwd><kwd>живое существо</kwd><kwd>правообладатель</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>environment</kwd><kwd>protection</kwd><kwd>legal personality</kwd><kwd>natural person</kwd><kwd>natural personality</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akipek JG. 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