<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lexrussica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Lex russica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lex Russica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1729-5920</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7869</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MSAL</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17803/1729-5920.2024.216.11.074-091</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lexrussica-4037</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЧАСТНОЕ ПРАВО / JUS PRIVATUM</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PRIVATE LAW / JUS PRIVATUM</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Договорно-деликтная конкуренция лиц  с позиций справедливости: pro et contra</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Contract and Tort Choice of Cause of Action by Persons from the Standpoint of Justice: Pro et Contra</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданов</surname><given-names>Д. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanov</surname><given-names>D. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Богданов Дмитрий Евгеньевич, доктор юридических наук, профессор кафедры гражданского права; научный руководитель кафедры гражданско-правовых дисциплин</p><p>г. Москва</p><p>д. 9, Лебединского ул., г. Донецк 283049</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry E. Bogdanov, Dr. Sci. (Law), Professor, Department of Civil Law; Head for Science, Department of Civil Law Disciplines</p><p>Moscow</p><p>Donetsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dobogdanov@msal.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный юридический университет имени О.Е. Кутафина (МГЮА); Донбасский государственный университет юстиции</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL); Donbass State University of Justice</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>77</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>74</fpage><lpage>91</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Богданов Д.Е., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Богданов Д.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bogdanov D.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/4037">https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/4037</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматриваются вопросы конкуренции договорного и деликтного иска в российском и зарубежном праве, а также договорно-деликтной конкуренции лиц. Проблема конкуренции договорной и внедоговорной ответственности имеет искусственный характер для российской научной и судебной доктрины. Конкуренция исков связана с альтернативностью в требованиях, но не с альтернативностью должников. Сделан вывод, что современная научная и судебная доктрина, основанная на полифункциональной трактовке гражданско-правовой ответственности, способны обосновать и оправдать не только феномен компенсационной деликтно-договорной конкуренции лиц, но и возможность обхода установленной законом ограниченной ответственности (contra legem), если это будет отвечать целям справедливой ответственности: сдерживанию вредоносного поведения и стимулированию потенциальных деликвентов к надлежащему исполнению ими обязанностей по обеспечению безопасности своей деятельности. Российская правоприменительная практика свидетельствует об усилении тенденции к социализации гражданско-правовой ответственности, ее направленности на предупреждение причинения вреда неопределенному кругу лиц, социального вреда (вреда обществу).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper deals with the issues of choice of cause of action as to contract and tort in Russian and foreign law, as well as contract and tort competition between persons. The problem of choice between contractual and non-contractual liability has an artificial character for Russian scientific and judicial doctrine. The choice of cause of action relates to the alternative in claims, but not to the alternative as to debtors. It is concluded that modern scientific and judicial doctrine based on a multifunctional interpretation of civil liability can substantiate and justify not only the phenomenon of compensatory aspect of choice of cause of action by persons, but also the possibility of circumventing the limited liability established by law (contra legem) if it meets the goals of fair liability. These include deterrence of harmful behavior and stimulation of potential to ensure the proper performance of their duties to ensure the safety of their activities. Russian law enforcement practice indicates an increasing trend towards the socialization of civil liability, its focus on preventing harm to an indefinite circle of people, social harm (harm to society).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>договор</kwd><kwd>деликт</kwd><kwd>конкуренция</kwd><kwd>внедоговорная ответственность</kwd><kwd>конкуренция исков</kwd><kwd>социализация</kwd><kwd>ограниченная ответственность</kwd><kwd>превенция</kwd><kwd>справедливость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>contract</kwd><kwd>tort</kwd><kwd>competition</kwd><kwd>non-contractual liability</kwd><kwd>choice of cause of action</kwd><kwd>socialization</kwd><kwd>limited liability</kwd><kwd>prevention</kwd><kwd>justice</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Байбак В. В. Новая редакция ст. 393 ГК РФ: общие правила о возмещении убытков, причиненных нарушением обязательства // Закон. 2016. № 8. С. 121–130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdussamad S. Unrestrained Liability for Pure Economic Loss in the United States and Spain: A Shared Concern (February 9, 2016). Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2730393.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богданов Д. Е. Анализ правовых подходов к возмещению чистых экономических потерь в зарубежном праве // Журнал российского права. 2012. № 3 (183). С. 82–91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baibak VV. New edition of Article 393 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: general rules on compensation for losses caused by violation of an obligation. Zakon. 2016;8:121-130. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богданов Д. Е. Пределы деликтной ответственности в российском и зарубежном праве // Журнал российского права. 2011. № 7 (175). С. 69–78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogdanov DE, Bogdanova EE. On the issue of non-compensatory damages in Russian civil law. Grazhdanskoe pravo [Civil law]. 2017;2:7-10. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богданов Д. Е. Эволюция гражданско-правовой ответственности с позиции справедливости : Сравнительно-правовой аспект : монография. М. : Проспект, 2016. 304 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogdanov DE, Bogdanova SG. The problem of multifunctionality of civil liability: Comparative legal aspect]. Grazhdanskoe pravo [Civil Law]. 2018;6:32-35. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богданов Д. Е., Богданова Е. Е. К вопросу о некомпенсационных убытках в гражданском праве России // Гражданское право. 2017. № 2. С. 7–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogdanov DE. Analysis of legal approaches to compensation of net economic losses in foreign law. Zhurnal Rossiyskogo Prava [Journal of Russian Law]. 2012;3(183):82-91. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богданов Д. Е., Богданова С. Г. Проблема полифункциональности гражданско-правовой ответственности: сравнительно-правовой аспект // Гражданское право. 2018. № 6. С. 32–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogdanov DE. Limits of tort liability in Russian and foreign law. Zhurnal Rossiyskogo Prava [Journal of Russian Law]. 2011;7(175):69-78. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гутников О. В. Основания разработки категории корпоративной ответственности в гражданском праве // Право. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. 2019. № 4. С. 4–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogdanov DE. The evolution of civil liability from the perspective of justice: A comparative legal aspect. A monograph. Moscow: Prospekt Publ.; 2016. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дмитриева О. В. Функциональное назначение компенсации морального вреда как формы гражданско-правовой ответственности // Закон. 2016. № 12. С. 89–100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruggemeier G. Protection of personality right in the law of delict/torts in Europe: mapping out our paradigms. Personality rights in European Tort Law. Edited by G. Bruggemeier, A. Colombi Ciacchi and P. O’Callaghan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010. Pp. 5–37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дурнева П. Н., Станкевич Г. В. Особенности договорной и деликтной ответственности публично-правовых образований по гражданскому праву России // Юридический мир. 2016. № 10. С. 23–27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bussani M, Palmer VV. The Frontier between Contractual and Tortious Liability in Europe: Insights from the Case of Compensation for Pure Economic Loss (January 15, 2010). Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1537031.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ерохова М. А. Конкуренция требований по Гражданскому кодексу России : дис. … канд. юрид. наук. М., 2006. 161 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colby TB. Beyond the Multiple Punishment Problem: Punitive Damages as a Punishment for Individual Private Wrongs. Minnesota Law Review. 2003;87:583-678.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Летута Т. В. Возмещение вреда, причиненного вследствие недостатков товаров, в договорных формах гражданского оборота // Законы России: опыт, анализ, практика. 2019. № 7. С. 39–45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Graaff R. Concurrent Claims in Contract and Tort: A Comparative Perspective. European Review of Private Law. 2017;4:701-726.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Остроумов Н. Н. Правовой режим международных воздушных перевозок : монография. М. : Статут, 2015. 396 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dmitrieva OV. The functional purpose of compensation for moral damage as a form of civil liability. Zakon [Law]. 2016;12:89-100. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Российское гражданское право : учебник : в 2 т. / В. В. Витрянский, В. С. Ем, Н. В. Козлова [и др.] ; отв. ред. Е. А. Суханов. Т. 2 : Обязательственное право. 2‑е изд., стереотип. М. : Статут, 2011. 1208 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Durneva PN, Stankevich GV. Features of contractual and tort liability of public legal entities under the civil law of Russia. Yuridicheskiy mir [Juridical World]. 2016;10:23-27. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тололаева Н. В. Пассивные солидарные обязательства: российский подход и континентально-европейская традиция : монография. М. : Статут, 2020. 144 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erokhova MA. Competition of requirements under the Civil Code of Russia. Cand. Diss. (Law). Moscow; 2006. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тололаева Н. В. Тенденции российской судебной практики в контексте европейской дискуссии о «настоящих» солидарных обязательствах // Вестник гражданского права. 2016. № 3. С. 80–106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleischitz EA. Obligations arising from harm and unjustified enrichment. Moscow: Gosyurizdat Publ.; 1951. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Флейшиц Е. А. Обязательства из причинения вреда и из неосновательного обогащения. М. : Госюриздат, 1951. 239 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gilmore G. The Death of Contract. Second edition. Ohio: Ohio State University Press; 1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Целовальникова И. Ю. Гражданско-правовая ответственность участников корпоративных отношений // Актуальные проблемы российского права. 2018. № 11. С. 60–67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gold AS. A Theory of Redressive Justice (October 7, 2011). Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1940594.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевченко А. С., Шевченко Г. Н. Деликтные обязательства в российском гражданском праве : учеб. пособие. М. : Статут, 2013. 133 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldberg JCP. Twentieth Century Tort Theory. Vanderbilt University Law Scholl. Law &amp;Economics Working Paper Number 02-15. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=347340.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdussamad S. Unrestrained Liability for Pure Economic Loss in the United States and Spain: A Shared Concern (February 9, 2016). URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2730393.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gutnikov OV. The grounds for development of corporate liability category in civil law. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki. Pravo [Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics]. 2020;4:4-30. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bruggemeier G. Protection of personality right in the law of delict/torts in Europe: mapping out our paradigms // Personality rights in European Tort Law / ed. by G. Bruggemeier, A. Colombi Ciacchi and P. O’Callaghan. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 5–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones MA. Textbook on Torts. Eight Edition. Oxford University Press; 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bussani M., Palmer V. V. The Frontier between Contractual and Tortious Liability in Europe: Insights from the Case of Compensation for Pure Economic Loss (January 15, 2010). URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1537031.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Letuta TV. Compensation for damage caused as a result of defects in goods as in contractual forms of civil law transactions. Zakony Rossii: opyt, analiz, praktika [Russian Laws: Experience, Analysis, Practice]. 2019;7:39- 45. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colby T. B. Beyond the Multiple Punishment Problem: Punitive Damages as a Punishment for Individual Private Wrongs // Minnesota Law Review. 2003. Vol. 87. P. 583–678.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Linden A. Canadian Tort Law. 11th ed. Toronto: LexisNexis, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Graaff R. Concurrent Claims in Contract and Tort: A Comparative Perspective // European Review of Private Law. 2017. Vol. 4. P. 701–726.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacKenzie B. Shifting Blame? Reassessing the Tort of Inducing Breach of Contract Following A. I. Enterprises v. Bram (April 19, 2016). Annual Review of Civil Litigation. Edited by L. Todd, J. Archibald, R. Scott Echlin. September 2016. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2978099.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gilmore G. The Death of Contract. Second edition. Ohio : Ohio State University Press, 1995. 182 p. Gold A. S. A Theory of Redressive Justice (October 7, 2011). URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1940594.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markel D. Retributive damages: A theory of punitive damages as intermediate sanction. Cornell Law Review. 2009;94:239-340.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldberg J. C. P. Twentieth Century Tort Theory. Vanderbilt University Law Scholl. Law &amp;Economics Working Paper Number 02-15. URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=347340.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markesinis BS, Unberath H. The German Law of Torts: A Comparative Treatise. 4th ed. Oxford; 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones M. A. Textbook on Torts. Eight Edition. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2007. 727 p. Linden A. Canadian Tort Law. 11th ed. Toronto : LexisNexis, 2018. 866 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moréteau O. France: French Tort Law in the Light of European Harmonization. Journal of Civil Law Studies. 2013;6:760-801.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacKenzie B. Shifting Blame? Reassessing the Tort of Inducing Breach of Contract Following A. I. Enterprises v. Bram (April 19, 2016) // Annual Review of Civil Litigation / ed. by L. Todd, J. Archibald, R. Scott Echlin. September 2016. URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2978099.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostroumov NN. The legal regime of international air transportation: A monograph. Moscow: Statut Publ.; 2015. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Markel D. Retributive damages: A theory of punitive damages as intermediate sanction // Cornell Law Review. 2009. Vol. 94. P. 239–340.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sérafin S, Sun K. Corrective Justice and In Personam Rights: Reconsidering the Tort of Inducing Breach of Contract (August 6, 2023). Lexis-Nexis Supreme Court Law Review, Third Series. 2024;3:115. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4707488.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Markesinis B. S., Unberath H. The German Law of Torts: A Comparative Treatise. 4th ed. Oxford, 2002. 1114 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevchenko AS, Shevchenko GN. Tort obligations in Russian civil law: A study guide. Moscow: Statut Publ.; 2013. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moréteau O. France: French Tort Law in the Light of European Harmonization // Journal of Civil Law Studies. 2013. Vol. 6. P. 760–801.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stoyanov D. The Uneasy Case of Tortious Interference with a Contractual Prohibition of Assignment (July 18, 2023). International Journal of Legal and Social Order. 2023;3 (1). Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4523654.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sérafin S., Sun K. Corrective Justice and In Personam Rights: Reconsidering the Tort of Inducing Breach of Contract (August 6, 2023) // (2024) 3 SCLR (3d) 115. URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4707488.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tololaeva NV. Passive solidarity obligations: The Russian approach and the Continental European tradition. A monograph. Moscow: Statut Publ.; 2020. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stoyanov D. The Uneasy Case of Tortious Interference with a Contractual Prohibition of Assignment (July 18, 2023) // International Journal of Legal and Social Order. 2023. Vol. 3. No. 1. URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4523654.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tololaeva NV. Trends in Russian judicial practice in the context of the European discussion on «real» joint liabilities. Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava [Civil Law Review]. 2016;3:80-106. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Boom W. H. Pure Economic Loss — a Comparative Perspective // Pure Economic Loss / W. H. van Boom, H. Koziol, C. A. Witting (eds). Wien ; New York : Springer, 2004. URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=555809.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tselovalnikova IYu. Civil liability of participants in corporate relations. Aktual’nye problemy rossijskogo prava. 2018;11:60-67. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Venchiarutti A. The recognition of punitive damages in Italy: A commentary on Cass Sez Un 5 July 2017, 16601, AXO Sport, SPA v. NOSA // Journal of European Tort Law. 2018. Vol. 9. P. 104–122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Boom WH. Pure Economic Loss — a Comparative Perspective. In: Van Boom WH, Koziol H, Witting CA, editors. Pure Economic Loss. Wien; New York: Springer; 2004. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=555809/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Von Bar C., Drobnig U. The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe. Munchen : Sellier. European Law Publishers GmbH, 2004. 574 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Venchiarutti A. The recognition of punitive damages in Italy: A commentary on Cass Sez Un 5 July 2017, 16601, AXO Sport, SPA v. NOSA. Journal of European Tort Law. 2018;9:104-122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whittaker S. Privity of Contract and the Law of Tort: the French Experience // Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 1995. Vol. 15. P. 327–370.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vitryansky VV, Em VS, Kozlova NV, et al. Russian civil law: A textbook. In 2 vols. Edited by A. Sukhanov EA. Vol. 2: Law of obligations. 2nd ed. Moscow: Statut Publ.; 2011. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Von Bar C, Drobnig U. The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe. Munchen: Sellier. European Law Publishers GmbH. 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Von Bar C, Drobnig U. The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe. Munchen: Sellier. European Law Publishers GmbH. 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whittaker S. Privity of Contract and the Law of Tort: the French Experience. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 1995;15:327-370.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whittaker S. Privity of Contract and the Law of Tort: the French Experience. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 1995;15:327-370.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
