<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lexrussica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Lex russica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lex Russica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1729-5920</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7869</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MSAL</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17803/1729-5920.2025.219.2.019-032</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lexrussica-4239</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЧАСТНОЕ ПРАВО / JUS PRIVATUM</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PRIVATE LAW / JUS PRIVATUM</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Транснациональное коммерческое право и lex mercatoria: вместо или вместе?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Transnational Commercial Law and Lex Mercatoria: In Place of Each Other or Along with Each Other?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фонотова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fonotova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фонотова Ольга Владимировна, кандидат юридических наук, доцент, доцент департамента правового регулирования бизнеса факультета права </p><p>д. 20, Мясницкая ул., г. Москва 101000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Fonotova, Cand. Sci. (Law), Associate Professor, Department of Business Legal Regulation, Law Faculty</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olga.fonotova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University «Higher School of Economics»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>78</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>19–32</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Фонотова О.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фонотова О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fonotova O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/4239">https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/4239</self-uri><abstract><p>Выражения «lex mercatoria» и «транснациональное коммерческое право» часто используются в литературе по международному коммерческому праву как синонимичные, взаимозаменяемые. Аргументируя ошибочность данного подхода, автор разграничивает данные категории на основе сравнительного анализа соответствующих теоретических концепций, нормативного материала и прикладного значения каждого из рассматриваемых правовых комплексов. Обосновывается, что в нормативном плане lex mercatoria состоит из общих принципов права и неписаных международных торговых обычаев. Такие регуляторы формируются спонтанно в трансграничной коммерческой практике, а их выявление представляет определенную сложность. Транснациональное коммерческое право включает указанные неписаные источники, относимые к lex mercatoria. При этом оно также содержит письменно оформленные источники, которые создаются целенаправленными усилиями негосударственных субъектов: международные конвенции и договоры (например, Конвенция ООН о договорах международной купли-продажи товаров 1980 г.); акты международной частноправовой унификации, обладающие общепризнанной нормативной силой (Принципы международных коммерческих договоров УНИДРУА, Инкотермс, Унифицированные правила и обычаи для документарных аккредитивов и др.); рекомендательные документы, создаваемые международными организациями и сообществами коммерсантов, которым несвойственна нормативность (модельные законы, руководства, рекомендации, типовые условия договоров, оговорки и др.); практику международных коммерческих арбитражей и доктрину. Источники транснационального коммерческого права могут быть представлены в виде иерархической структуры, на вершине которой располагаются общие принципы права. Элементы структуры (источники транснационального коммерческого права) находятся в тесном взаимодействии и влияют друг на друга.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The expressions «lex mercatoria» and «transnational commercial law» are often used in the literature of international commercial law as synonymous and interchangeable concepts. Arguing the fallacy of this approach, the author delineates these categories on the basis of a comparative analysis of the corresponding theoretical concepts, normative acts and examined the significance of each of the legal complexes under consideration. The paper justifies that in normative terms lex mercatoria consists of general principles of law and unwritten international trade customs. Such regulators are formed spontaneously in cross-border commercial practice, and their identification is of some complexity. Transnational commercial law includes specified unwritten sources attributed to lex mercatoria. At the same time, it also includes written sources created by the deliberate efforts of non-state actors, namely: international conventions and treaties (for example, the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 1980), acts of international private law unification with generally recognized normative force (Principles of International Commercial Treaties of UNIDROIT, Incoterms, Unified Rules and Customs for Documentary Letters of Credit, etc.), recommendation documents created by international organizations and communities of merchants that are not characterized by regularity (model laws, guidelines, recommendations, model terms of contracts, reservations, etc.); international commercial arbitration practice and doctrine. Sources of transnational commercial law can be represented in the form of a hierarchical structure, with the general principles of law at the top. The elements of the structure (sources of transnational commercial law) are in close cooperation and affect each other.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>транснациональное коммерческое право</kwd><kwd>lex mercatoria</kwd><kwd>негосударственное регулирование</kwd><kwd>транснациональный источник</kwd><kwd>международный торговый обычай</kwd><kwd>обычай</kwd><kwd>Принципы международных коммерческих договоров (Принципы УНИДРУА)</kwd><kwd>международный коммерческий договор</kwd><kwd>Инкотермс</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>transnational commercial law</kwd><kwd>lex mercatoria</kwd><kwd>non-governmental regulation</kwd><kwd>transnational source</kwd><kwd>international trade custom</kwd><kwd>custom</kwd><kwd>Principles of international commercial contracts</kwd><kwd>UNIDROIT Principles</kwd><kwd>international commercial contract</kwd><kwd>Incoterms</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Даниленко Г. М. Обычай в современном международном праве. М. : Наука, 1988. 189 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonnell MJ. The Unidroit Principles and Transnational Law. In: Berger KP (ed.). The Practice of Transnational Law. Kluwer Law International Publ.; 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демин А. В. «Мягкое право» в эпоху перемен: опыт компаративного исследования : монография. М. : Проспект, 2023. 240 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dalhuisen on Transnational and Comparative Commercial, Financial and Trade Law. Vol. 1: The Transnationalisation of Commercial and Financial Law. The New Lex Mercatoria and its Sources. 8th ed. Oxford: Hart Publishing; 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дьяконова А. А. Обычай международной торговли как источник негосударственного регулирования внешнеэкономических сделок : дис. … канд. юрид. наук. М., 2011. 211 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danilenko GM. Custom in modern international law. Moscow: Nauka Publ.; 1988. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зыкин И. С. Гаагские принципы о выборе применимого права к международным коммерческим договорам // Актуальные правовые аспекты современной практики международного коммерческого оборота : сборник статей. М., 2016. С. 73–93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Ly F. International Business Law and Lex Mercatoria. Amsterdam; New York: North-Holland; 1992.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зыкин И. С. Обычаи и обыкновения в международной торговле : автореф. дис. … канд. юрид. наук. М., 1979. 20 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demin AV. «Soft (law)» in the era of change: the experience of comparative research. Moscow: Prospekt Publ.; 2023. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карсакова Н. А. Теория lex mercatoria в юридической доктрине и практике : автореф. дис. … канд. юрид. наук. М., 2006. 24 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyakonova AA. The custom of international trade as a source of non-state regulation of foreign economic transactions. Cand. Sci. (law) Diss. Moscow; 2011. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мажорина М. В. Транснациональные нормы в международном коммерческом обороте // Lex russica. 2014. Т. 95. № 10. С. 1177–1184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goode R, Kronke H, McKendrick E (eds.). Transnational Commercial Law: texts, cases and materials. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonnell M. J. The Unidroit Principles and Transnational Law // The Practice of Transnational Law / ed. by K. P. Berger. Kluwer Law International, 2001. 228 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goode R. The Creative Force in Transnational Commercial Law. Transnational Commercial Law Review. 2022;2:1-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dalhuisen on Transnational and Comparative Commercial, Financial and Trade Law. Vol. 1 : The Transnationalisation of Commercial and Financial Law. The New Lex Mercatoria and its Sources. 8th ed. Oxford : Hart Publishing, 2022. 456 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goode R. Usage and its Reception in Transnational Commercial Law. In: Ziegel JS, Lerner S (eds.) New Developments in International Commercial and Consumer Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing Publ.; 1998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Ly F. International Business Law and Lex Mercatoria. Amsterdam ; New York : North-Holland, 1992. 361 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hatzimihail N. E. The Many Lives — and Faces — of Lex Mercatoria: History as Genealogy in International Business Law. Law and Contemporary Problems. 2008;71:169-190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goode R. The Creative Force in Transnational Commercial Law // Transnational Commercial Law Review. 2022. Iss. 2. P. 1–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jessup P. Transnational Law. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1956.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goode R. Usage and its Reception in Transnational Commercial Law // New Developments in International Commercial and Consumer Law / ed. by J. S. Ziegel, S. Lerner. Oxford : Hart Publishing, 1998. P. 3–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karsakova NA. Theory of lex mercatoria in legal doctrine and practice. Cand. Sci. (Law). Author’s Abstract. Moscow; 2006. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hatzimihail N. E. The Many Lives — and Faces — of Lex Mercatoria: History as Genealogy in International Business Law // Law and Contemporary Problems. 2008. Vol. 71. P. 169–190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lando Ο. The Lex Mercatoria in International Commercial Arbitration. Ιnternational &amp; Comparative Law Quarletly. 1983;34(4):747-768.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jessup P. Transnational Law. New Haven : Yale University Press, 1956. 113 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazhorina MV. Transnational Norms in International Commercial Circulation. Lex russica. 2014;10:1177-1184. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lando Ο. The Lex Mercatoria in International Commercial Arbitration // Ιnternational &amp; Comparative Law Quarterly. 1983. Vol. 34. Iss. 4. P. 747–768.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michaels R. The True Lex Mercatoria: Law beyond the State. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. 2007;14(2)11:447-468.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michaels R. The True Lex Mercatoria: Law Beyond the State // Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. 2007. Vol. 14. Iss. 2. P. 447–468.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mustill M. Bos M, Brownlie J (eds.). The New Lex Mercatoria: The First Twenty-five Years. Liber Amicorum for Lord Wilberforce. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mustill M. The New Lex Mercatoria: The First Twenty-five Years // Liber Amicorum for Lord Wilberforce / ed. by M. Bos, J. Brownlie. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1987. 258 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwenzer I, Schroeter UG (eds.). Schlechtriem &amp; Schwenzer: Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG). 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford Academic; 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schlechtriem &amp; Schwenzer: Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) / ed. by I. Schwenzer, U. G. Schroeter. 5th ed. Oxford : Oxford Academic, 2022. 2144 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zykin IS. Customs and habits in international trade. Cand. Sci. (Law). Author’s Abstract. Moscow; 1979. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Transnational Commercial Law: texts, cases and materials. 2nd ed. / ed. by R. Goode, H. Kronke, E. McKendrick. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2015. 705 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zykin IS. The Hague Principles on the Choice of Applicable Law for International Commercial Contracts. In: Current Legal Aspects of Modern Practice of International Commercial Circulation: Collection of Papers. Moscow; 2016. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
