<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lexrussica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Lex russica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lex Russica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1729-5920</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7869</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MSAL</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17803/1729-5920.2019.154.9.063-076</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lexrussica-926</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРАВО / JUS GENTIUM</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL LAW / JUS GENTIUM</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Права человека как общий интерес международного сообщества в целом в праве международной ответственности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Human Rights as a Common Interest of the International Community under the Law of International Responsibility</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Липкина</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lipkina</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат юридических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры международного права</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Law, Associate Professor of the Department of International Law </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">k_intlaw@ssla.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Саратовская государственная юридическая академия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saratov State Law Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>09</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>63</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Липкина Н.Н., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Липкина Н.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lipkina N.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/926">https://lexrussica.msal.ru/jour/article/view/926</self-uri><abstract><p>Права человека играют всё большую роль в функционировании и развитии общества, а международно-правовое регулирование сферы межгосударственного сотрудничества по правам человека приобрело ряд специфических черт, оказывающих существенное влияние на развитие различных институтов международного права, включая право международной ответственности. Целью статьи является анализ особенностей и проблем реализации методологии обеспечения общего интереса международного сообщества в целом, состоящего в защите прав человека, в праве международной ответственности. Рассматривается категория «общие интересы международного сообщества в целом», исследуется ее значение в процессе интенсификации межгосударственного сотрудничества в сфере прав человека. Отмечается, что такие инструменты обеспечения реализации общих интересов международного сообщества в целом, как нормы jus cogens и обязательства erga omnes, предопределяют особенности содержания вторичных норм права международной ответственности. Речь, в частности, идет о нормах, закрепляющих обстоятельства, исключающие противоправность деяния, устанавливающих последствия серьезных нарушений обязательств, вытекающих из императивных норм общего международного права, регулирующих вопросы призвания к ответственности государством иным, чем потерпевшее государство. Подчеркивается самостоятельное значение указанных инструментов в процессе установления особенностей содержания отдельных конструкций права международной ответственности. Обращается внимание на тот факт, что реализация такого общего интереса международного сообщества в целом, как обеспечение и защита прав человека, в праве международной ответственности сопряжена с отдельными затруднениями, обусловленными среди прочего отсутствием консенсуса относительно методологии квалификации норм международного права в качестве норм jus cogens, а также наличия различных подходов к пониманию содержания и структуры самих прав человека. Делается вывод о том, что, несмотря на наличие указанных проблем, нельзя отрицать существенное влияние норм jus cogens и обязательств erga omnes на содержание международно-правового регулирования различных сфер международного сотрудничества в контексте усиления тенденции к коммунитаризации международного права и гуманизации международных отношений. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Human rights are playing an increasingly important role in the functioning and development of society, and the international legal regulation of the sphere of inter-State cooperation on human rights has acquired a number of specific features that have a significant impact on the development of various institutions of international law, including the law of international responsibility. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features and problems of implementation of the methodology of ensuring the common interest of the international community as a whole that includes protection of human rights under the law of international responsibility. The author considers the category “common interests of the international community as a whole,” and explores its importance in the process of intensification of interstate cooperation in the field of human rights. It is noted that such instruments of ensuring the implementation of the common interests of the international community as a whole as norms of jus cogens and obligations erga omnes predetermine the specifics of the content of the secondary rules of the law of international responsibility. These include rules establishing circumstances precluding the wrongfulness of an act, establishing the consequences of serious breaches of obligations arising from peremptory norms of international law governing the invocation of responsibility by a State other than an injured State. The author emphasizes the significance of the instruments under consideration in the process of establishing the features of the content of individual constructions of the law of international responsibility. Attention is drawn to the fact that implementation of the common interest of the international community as a whole ensuring promotion and protection of human rights in the law of international responsibility entails some difficulties arising due to the lack, inter alia, of consensus concerning methodology for classifying international law as jus cogens norms and the existence of different approaches to understanding the content and structure of human rights per se. It is concluded that, despite the existence of these problems, it is impossible to deny the significant influence of norms of jus cogens and obligations erga omnes on the content of international legal regulation of various areas of international cooperation in the context of the growing trend towards the communitarization of international law and humanization of international relations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>права человека</kwd><kwd>ответственность в международном праве</kwd><kwd>обстоятельства</kwd><kwd>исключающие противоправность деяния</kwd><kwd>обязательства erga omnes</kwd><kwd>нормы jus cogens</kwd><kwd>общие интересы международного сообщества в целом</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human rights</kwd><kwd>responsibility in international law</kwd><kwd>circumstances precluding wrongfulness of an act</kwd><kwd>obligations erga omnes</kwd><kwd>norms of jus cogens</kwd><kwd>common interests of the international community as a whole</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта РФФИ № 18-011-00660 «Обстоятельства, исключающие противоправность деяния: анализ функционального значения и параметров применимости в международном праве прав человека».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work has been carried out with the support ofthe RFBR grantNo. 18-011-00660 “Circumstances precluding wrongfulness of an act: Analysis of functional significance and parameters of applicability in international human rights law”.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ануфриева Л. П. Конституция РФ и международное право: теоретический взгляд на понятия «общепризнанные принципы и нормы международного права» и jus cogens // Lex Russica. — 2018. — № 12 (145). — С. 37—47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anufrieva L. P. Konstitutsiya RF i mezhdunarodnoe pravo: teoreticheskiy vzglyad na ponyatiya «obshchepriznannye printsipy i normy mezhdunarodnogo prava» i jus cogens [The Constitution of the Russian Federation and international law: Theoretical view on the concepts of “universally recognized principles and norms of international law” and jus cogens]. Lex Russica, 2018, No. 12 (145), pp. 37—47. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исполинов А. С. Нормы jus cogens в решениях международных и национальных судов // Российский юридический журнал. — 2014. — № 6 (99). — С. 7—14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Istolinov A. S. Normy jus cogens v resheniyakh mezhdunarodnykh i natsionalnykh sudov [Norms of jus cogens in decisions of international and national courts]. Rossiyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal [Russian Juridical Journal]. 2014. no. 6 (99). рр. 7—14. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Красиков Д. В., Липкина Н. Н. Взаимодействие международного и внутригосударственного права в сфере прав человека в контексте принципа субсидиарности : монография. — Саратов : Изд-во ФГБОУ ВПО «Саратовская государственная юридическая академия», 2014. — 188 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasikov D. V., Lipkina N. N. Мzaimodeystvie mezhdunarodnogo i vnutrigosudarstvennogo prava v sfere prav cheloveka v kontekste printsipa subsidiarnosti : monografiya [Interaction between international and domestic human rights law in the context of the principle of subsidiarity: A monograph]. Saratov, Saratov State Law Academy Publishing House , 2014. 188 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Красиков Д. В. Институт обстоятельств, исключающих противоправность деяния, и нормы международного права о правах человека: параметры взаимодействия // Вестник Поволжского института управления. — 2018. — Т. 18. — № 5. — С. 115—122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasikov D. V. institut obstoyatelstv, isklyuchayushchikh protivopravnost deyaniya, i normy mezhdunarodnogo prava o pravakh cheloveka: parametry vzaimodeystviya [The institution of circumstances precluding wrongfulness and international human rights law: parameters of interaction]. Vestnik Povolzhskogo instituta upravleniya [Bulletin of the Volga Region Institute of Administration]. 2018, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 115—122. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Красиков Д. В. Согласие как обстоятельство, исключающее международную противоправность деяния: нормативные риски и потенциал для обеспечения прав человека // Бизнес. Образование. Право. — 2018. — № 4 (45). — С. 308—312.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasikov D. V. soglasie kak obstoyatelstvo, isklyuchayushchee mezhdunarodnuyu protivopravnost deyaniya: normativnye riski i potentsial dlya obespecheniya prav cheloveka [Consent as a circumstance precluding the international wrongfulness of an act: Normative risks and potential for ensuring human rights]. Bisnes. Obrazovanie. Pravo [Business. Education. Law]. 2018. No. 4 (45). pp. 308—312. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сазонова К. Л. Обязательства erga omnes и нормы jus cogens в международном праве: концептуальное оформление и правоприменительная практика // Государство и право. — 2014. — № 11. — С. 72—79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sazonova K. L. Obyazatelstva erga omnes i normy jus cogens v mezhdunarodnom prave: kontseptualnoe oformlenie i pravoprimenitelnaya praktika [Obligations erga omnes and jus cogens norms in international law: Conceptual formalization and law enforcement practice]. Gosudarstvo i pravo [The State and Law]. 2014. No. 11. рр. 72—79. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Araujo R. Sovereignty, Human Rights, and Self-Determination: The Meaning of International Law // Fordham International Law Journal. — 2001. — Vol. 24. — Iss. 5. — P. 1477—1535.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Araujo R. Sovereignty, Human Rights, and Self-Determination: The Meaning of International Law // Fordham International Law Journal. 2001. Vol. 24. Iss. 5. pp. 1477—1535.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Besson S. Community Interests in International Law: Whose Interests Are They and How Should We Best Identify Them? // Community Interests Across International Law / ed. by E. Benvenisti and G. Nolte. — Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2018. — 560 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Besson S. Community Interests in International Law: Whose Interests Are They and How Should We Best Identify Them? Community Interests Across International Law. Ed. by E. Benvenisti and G. Nolte. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. — 560 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boed R. State of Necessity as a Justification for Internationally Wrongful Conduct // Yale Human Rights and Development. — 2000. — Vol. 3(1). — Article 1. — P. 1—43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boed R. State of Necessity as a Justification for Internationally Wrongful Conduct. Yale Human Rights and Development. 2000. Vol. 3 (1). Article 1. P. 1—43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cardiel J. L. A., Davis A., Macherel L. Modern Self-Defense: The Use of Force Against Non-Military Threats // Columbia Human Rights Law Abstract. — 2018. — Vol. 49(3). — Pp. 99—182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardiel J. L. A., Davis A., Macherel L. Modern Self-Defense: The Use of Force Against Non-Military Threats. Columbia Human Rights Law Abstract. 2018. Vol. 49 (3). Pp. 99—182.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christenson G. A. Jus Cogens: Guarding Interests Fundamental to International Society // Virginia Journal of International Law. — 1988. — Vol. 28. — P. 585—648.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christenson G. A. Jus Cogens: Guarding Interests Fundamental to International Society. Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 28, pp. 585—648.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crawford J. R. Responsibility to the International Community as a Whole // Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. — 2001. — Vol. 8. — Iss. 2. — Article 2. — P. 303—322.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crawford J. R. Responsibility to the International Community as a Whole. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. 2001. Vol. 8. Iss. 2. Article 2. P. 303—322.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Wet E. Invoking obligations erga omnes in the twenty-first century: Progressive developments since Barcelona Traction // South African Yearbook of International Law. — 2013. — Vol. 38. — Iss. 1. — P. 2—19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Wet E. Invoking obligations erga omnes in the twenty-first century: Progressive developments since Barcelona Traction. South African Yearbook of International Law. 2013. Vol. 38. Iss. 1. P. 2—19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Wet E. The International Constitutional Order // International and Comparative Law Quarterly. — 2006. — Vol. 55. — P. 51—76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Wet E. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 2006, Vol. 55, pp. 51—76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Focarelli C. International Law as Social Construct: The Struggle for Global Justice. — Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2012. — 632 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Focarelli C. International Law as Social Construct: The Struggle for Global Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. 632 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnstone I. The plea of «necessity» in international legal discourse: Humanitarian intervention and counterterrorism // Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. — 2005. — Vol. 43(2). — Pp. 337—388.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnstone I. The plea of “necessity” in international legal discourse: Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 2005, Vol. 43 (2), pp. 337—388.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sicilianos L.-A. The Classification of Obligations and the Multilateral Dimension of the Relations of International Responsibility // European Journal of International Law. — 2002. — Vol. 13. — Р. 1127—1145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sicilianos L.-A. The Classification of Obligations and the Multilateral Dimension of the Relations of International Responsibility. European Journal of International Law, 2002, Vol. 13, pp. 1127—1145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanaka Y. Protection of Community Interests in International Law: the Case of the Law of the Sea // Max Planck Yearbook of International Law. — 2011. — Vol. 15. — Р. 329—375.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanaka Y. Protection of Community Interests in International Law: the Case of the Law of the Sea. Max Planck Yearbook of International Law. 2011, Vol. 15, pp. 329—375.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tzevelekos V. P. Revisiting the Humanisation of International Law: Limits and Potential: Obligations Erga Omnes, Hierarchy of Rules and the Principle of Due Diligence as the Basis for Further Humanisation // Erasmus Law Abstract. — 2013. — No. 6. — Pp. 62—76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tzevelekos V. P. Revisiting the Humanisation of International Law: Limits and Potential: Obligations Erga Omnes, Hierarchy of Rules and the Principle of Due Diligence as the Basis for Further Humanisation. Erasmus Law Abstract. 2013. No. 6. pp. 62—76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tzevelekos V. P., Lixinski L. Towards a Humanized International «Constitution»? // Leiden Journal of International Law. — 2016. — No. 29(2). — Р. 343—364.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tzevelekos V. P., Lixinski L. Towards a Humanized International “Constitution”? Leiden Journal of International Law. 2016. No. 29 (2). P. 343—364.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vidmar J. The Use of Force as a Plea of Necessity // American Journal of International Law (Unbound). — 2017. — Vol. 111. — Pp. 302—306.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vidmar J. The Use of Force as a Plea of Necessity. American Journal of International Law (Unbound). 2017. Vol. 111. pp. 302—306.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Villalpando S. The Legal Dimension of the International Community: How Community Interests Are Protected in International Law // The European Journal of International Law. — 2010. — Vol. 21. — No. 2. — Р. 387—419.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Villalpando S. The Legal Dimension of the International Community: How Community Interests Are Protected in International Law. The European Journal of International Law. 2010. Vol. 21. No. 2. P. 387—419.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zemanek K. New Trends in the Enforcement of erga omnes Obligations // Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law. — 2000. — No. 4. — Pp. 1—52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemanek K. New Trends in the Enforcement of erga omnes Obligations. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law. 2000. no. 4. pp. 1—52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
