New Subjects of Constitutional Law in the Digital Age

The development of modern public relations shows the formation of new subjects of constitutional law, since the content of mutual relations between them is increasingly moving into the digital space, where updated constitutional values arise. The current legal regulation is much more conservative and cannot respond to the rapidly developing relations in this area in a timely manner. Indirectly it can be confirmed by the fact that the programmatic regulation is gaining popularity when the state is trying to influence or at least predict the future through projects, plans, complexes of planned activities, etc. In this regard, theoretical approaches are proposed to optimize classical legal regulation. The main purpose of the paper is the application of the author’s theory of relations of subjects of constitutional law to assess public relations through establishing the presence of new subjects and conditions for their mutual influence. The expediency of this activity is due to the desire for subsequent proposals of a theoretical nature in order to develop a system of legal and regulatory framework. The list of tasks of the work is determined by those spheres of public relations that are selectively considered in the paper, namely high-tech medicine, the Internet space, the system of education and upbringing of youth, ensuring and protecting human rights in the electoral process, etc. Of course, this list is not exhaustive. The author analyzes phenomena regulated by law and that take place in foreign countries and the international practice of transnational corporations. This indicates the use of a comparative legal method. The key result of the conducted research is the proposal to revise the established rules for the analysis and systematization of public relations implemented in the digital space or otherwise related to it. Regulatory legal regulation should also be reoriented to this.

1. Avakyan SA. Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii: uchebnyy kurs: ucheb. posobie: v 2 t. [Constitutional law of Russia: A coursebook. In 2 vols.]. Vol. 1. Moscow: Norma Publ.; 2010. (In Russ.).

2. Afonin IE, Makarenko SI, Petrov SV, Privalov AA. Analiz opyta boevogo primeneniya grupp bespilotnykh letatelnykh apparatov dlya porazheniya zenitno-raketnykh kompleksov sistemy protivovozdushnoy oborony v voennykh konfliktakh v Sirii, v Livii i v Nagornom Karabakhe [Analysis of combat experience as groups of unmanned aerial vehicles are used to defeat anti-aircraft missile means of the air defense system in Syria, Libya and Nagorno-Karabakh wars]. Sistemy upravleniya, svyazi i bezopasnosti [Systems of Control, Communication and Security]. 2020;4:163-191. DOI:10.24411/2410-9916-2020-10406. (In Russ.).

3. Bagach IS. Spetsifika tsifrovykh prav kak obektov grazhdanskikh prav [The specifics of digital rights as objects of civil rights]. In: Vasiliev SA, editor. Sbornik nauchnykh statey po itogam II Sevastopolskogo yuridicheskogo foruma, proshedshego 27–28 sentyabrya 2019 goda na baze Yuridicheskogo instituta Sevastopolskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Collection of papers following the 2nd Sevastopol Legal Forum housed by the Law Institute, Sevastopol State University and held on September 27–28, 2019]. Moscow: Tsentrkatalog Publ.; 2020. Pp. 140–147. (In Russ.).

4. Baglay MV. Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossiyskoy Federatsii: uchebnik dlya vuzov [Constitutional law of the Russian Federation: A textbook for universities]. 3rd ed., rev. and suppl. Moscow: Norma Publ.; 2002. (In Russ.).

5. Bogdanov DV. Vliyanie additivnykh tekhnologiy na opredelenie modeli deliktnoy otvetstvennosti operatora onlayn-platformy [The impact of additive technologies on determining the tort liability model of an online platform operator]. Lex russica. 2020;7(164):76-85. DOI:10.17803/1729-5920.2020.164.7.076-085. (In Russ.).

6. Bogdanov DV. Vliyanie bioprintnykh tekhnologiy na razvitie grazhdansko-pravovoy otvetstvennosti [The impact of bioprinting technologies on the development of civil liability]. Lex russica. 2020;9(166):88-99. (In Russ.).

7. Burtsev AK, Osavelyuk AM, Sarmanaev SH, et al. Formirovanie kontseptualnykh osnov mekhanizma pravovogo regulirovaniya diagnostiki genoma i genomnogo redaktirovaniya: monografiya [Formation of the conceptual foundations of the mechanism of legal regulation of genome diagnostics and genomic editing: A monograph]. Moscow: Yursit Publ.; 2020. (In Russ.).

8. Vasiliev DN, Nikolaev PD. Obzor problem regulirovaniya virtualnykh tsennostey [Overview of the Problems of Regulation of Virtual Values]. Zakonnost i pravoporyadok v sovremennom obshchestve. 2013;14:20-22. (In Russ.).

9. Vasiliev SA. Vzaimodeystvie subektov konstitutsionno-pravovykh otnosheniy [Interaction of subjects of constitutional and legal relations]. Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipalnoe pravo [Constitutional and Municipal Law]. 2017;1:20-23. (In Russ.).

10. Velikorodnaya TP, Sykeeva IN. Lozhnye i opasnye tsennosti virtualnogo mira [False and Dangerous Values of the Virtual World]. Vestnik obrazovatelnogo konsortsiuma Srednerusskiy universitet. Seriya «Gumanitarnye nauki». 2019;14:6‑7. (In Russ.).

11. Vereshchagin SG. Istoriya transformatsii robotov: ot pervykh mekhanicheskikh ustroystv do boevykh robotov s iskusstvennym intellektom. Pravovoe regulirovanie ikh primeneniya v vooruzhennykh konfliktakh [The history of robot transformation: from the first mechanical devices to combat robots with artificial intelligence. Legal regulation of their use in armed conflicts]. Territoriya novykh vozmozhnostey. Vestnik Vladivostokskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta ekonomiki i servisa. 2020;12(4):68-78. DOI:10.24866/VVSU/2073-3984/2020-4/068-078. (In Russ.).

12. Gavra DP. PR-teksty v formirovanii imidzha rossiyskogo goroda: monografiya. [PR texts in the formation of the image of the Russian city: A monograph]. Ukhta: UGTU Publ.; 2019. (In Russ.).

13. Granberg AG, Kistanov VV, Adamescu AA. Gosudarstvenno-territorialnoe ustroystvo Rossii [The State Territorial Structure of Russia]. Moscow: DeKA Publ., 2003. (In Russ.).

14. Dedkov AG. Problemy territorialnogo planirovaniya gorodov (na primere Moskvy) [Problems of Territorial Planning of Cities (Moscow Case Study)]. Innovatsii i investitsii [Innovation & investment]. 2020;5:217-220. (In Russ.).

15. Fadeev VI, editor. Institut gosudarstvennykh i munitsipalnykh uslug v sovremennom prave Rossiyskoy Federatsii: monografiya [Institute of state and municipal services in the modern law of the Russian Federation: A monograph]. Moscow: Norma Publ.; 2016. (In Russ.).

16. Isaenko VN. Otsenka i ispolzovanie prokurorom zaklyucheniy ekspertov v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve: nauchno-prakticheskoe posobie [Prosecutor’s Evaluation and Use of Expert Opinions in Criminal Proceedings: A Scientific and Practical Guide]. Moscow: Yurlitinform Publ.; 2017. (In Russ.).

17. Kiryukhin VV. O formirovanii administrativno-pravovykh mer, napravlennykh na protivodeystvie deyatelnosti v seti Internet, pobuzhdayushchey nesovershennoletnikh k suitsidalnomu povedeniyu [On the formation of administrative and legal measures aimed at countering activities on the Internet that encourage minors to suicidal behavior]. Administrativnoe pravo i protsess [Administrative Law and Procedure]. 2020;6:53-56. (In Russ.).

18. Kobzeva SV. Demokratizatsiya gosudarstvennogo upravleniya i elektronnoe pravitelstvo [Democratization of Public Administration and E-Government]. Informatsionnoe pravo [Information law]. 2018;2:4‑9. (In Russ.).

19. Fadeev VI. Konstitutsionnoe pravo: uchebnik dlya bakalavrov [Constitutional Law: A textbook for Bachelor degree students]. Moscow: Prospekt Publ.; 2012. (In Russ.).

20. Kutafin OE. Subekty konstitutsionnogo prava Rossiyskoy Federatsii kak yuridicheskie i priravnennye k nim litsa: monografiya [Subjects of constitutional law of the Russian Federation as legal entities and persons equated to them: A monograph]. Moscow: Prospekt Publ.; 2007. (In Russ.).

21. Maksimova EA. Otsenka informatsionnoy bezopasnosti subekta kriticheskoy informatsionnoy infrastruktury pri destruktivnykh vozdeystviyakh: monografiya [Assessment of information security of the subject of critical information infrastructure under destructive influences: A monograph]. Volgograd: Volgograd State University Publ.; 2020. (In Russ.).

22. Malginov EA. Pravovoe regulirovanie otnosheniy v sfere sozdaniya i ekspluatatsii (ispolzovaniya) robototekhniki: kontury novoy otrasli prava [Legal regulation of relations in the field of creation and operation (use) of robotics: Contours of a new branch of law]. In: Vasiliev SA, editor. Sbornik nauchnykh statey po itogam II Sevastopolskogo yuridicheskogo foruma, proshedshego 27–28 sentyabrya 2019 goda na baze Yuridicheskogo instituta Sevastopolskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Collection of papers following the 2nd Sevastopol Legal Forum housed by the Law Institute, Sevastopol State University and held on September 27–28, 2019]. Moscow: Tsentrkatalog Publ.; 2020. Pp. 69–72. (In Russ.).

23. Mikheeva TN. Ozhidaemoe i neozhidannoe: o nekotorykh konstitutsionnykh izmeneniyakh 2020 goda [Expected and unexpected: Some constitutional changes in 2020]. Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipalnoe pravo [Constitutional and Municipal Law]. 2021;2:10-14. DOI:10.18572/1812-3767-2021-2-10-14. (In Russ.).

24. Osavelyuk AM. Konstitutsionnoe pravo zarubezhnykh stran: uchebnik [Constitutional law of foreign countries: A textbook]. Moscow: Yunity-Dana Publ.; 2010. (In Russ.).

25. Smirnova SA. Sudebno-ekspertnaya deyatelnost v pravoprimenenii: vvedenie v magisterskuyu programmu: uchebnik [Forensic expert activity in law enforcement: Introduction to the Master’s program. A textbook]. Moscow: Russian University of Friendship of Peoples Publ.; 2017. (In Russ.).

26. Strashun BA. Sotsializm i demokratiya (sotsialisticheskoe narodnoe predstavitelstvo) [Socialism and Democracy (Socialist People’s Representation)]. Moscow: Prospekt Publ.; 2015. (In Russ.).

27. Strekozov VG. Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii: uchebnik dlya bakalavrov [Constitutional Law of Russia: A textbook for bachelors’ degree students]. Moscow: Yurayt Publ.; 2015. (In Russ.).

28. Alebastrova IA, Isaev IA, Narutto SC, et al. Territoriya v publichnom prave [Territory in public law]. Moscow: Norma, Infra‑M Publ.; 2013. (In Russ.).

29. Tolmacheva MS. Rassmotrenie sudami administrativnykh del o prinuditelnoy gospitalizatsii v psikhiatricheskiy statsionar [Consideration by the courts of administrative cases on compulsory hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital]. Sudya [Judge]. 2019;3:32-34. DOI:10.18572/2071-1166-2020-6-53-56. (In Russ.).

30. Frolov AL, Tynyankina AA. Voyna novoy epokhi [The war of the New Era]. Rossiya v globalnoy politike [Russia in global politics]. 2021;19(2(108)):147-158. (In Russ.).

31. Chervonyuk VI. Konstitutsionnoe pravo Rossii: uchebnoe posobie [Constitutional Law of Russia: A textbook]. Moscow: Termika, Infra‑M Publ.; 2004. (In Russ.).

32. Alifu X, Wusuyin N, Yasen M. Construction and Application of Virtual Simulation Platform for Medical Education Based on Big Data. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies. 2022;84:480-485.

33. Collard S, Fabre E. Electronic voting in the French legislative elections of 2012. Design, Development, and Use of Secure Electronic Voting Systems. 2014:176-198. DOI:10.4018/978-1-4666-5820‑2.ch009.

34. Demidov V, Dolzhenkova E, Mokhorov D. Legal Aspects of Artificial Intelligence Application in Artistic Activity. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. 2022;345:192-202. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-89708-6_17.

35. Desai Z, Lee A. Technology and protest: The political effects of electronic voting in India. Political Science Research and Methods. 2021;9(2):398-413. DOI:10.1017/psrm.2019.51.

36. Farzaliyev V, Krips K, Willemson J. Developing a personal voting machine for the Estonian internet voting system. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing; 2021. Pp. 1607–1616. DOI:10.1145/3412841.3442034.

37. Gascho D, Zoelch N, Sommer S. 7‑T MRI for brain virtual autopsy: a proof of concept in comparison to 3‑T MRI and CT. European Radiology Experimental. 2021;5(1):3. DOI:10.1186/s41747-020-00198‑7.

38. Issleib M, Kromer A, Pinnschmidt HO. Virtual reality as a teaching method for resuscitation training in undergraduate first year medical students: a randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 2021;29(1):27. DOI:10.1186/s13049-021-00836‑y.

39. Londar S, Lytvynchuk A, Versal N. Investment in human capital within the creative economy formation: Case of the Eastern and Central Europe countries. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe. 2020;23(4):129-148. DOI:10.18778/1508-2008.23.31.

40. Mikheev AA, Krasnov A, Griffith R. The interaction model within phygital environment as an implementation of the open innovation concept. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 2021;7(2):114. DOI:10.3390/joitmc7020114.

41. Miquel M, Puig J, Montoliu S. Joint position statement of the Societat Catalana de Digestologia and the Societat Catalana de Radiologia on gastroenterologist-led ultrasound in Catalonia [Documento de posicionamiento de la Societat Catalana de Digestologia y la Societat Catalana de Radiologia: ecografía para especialistas en enfermedad digestiva en Catalunya: Documento de posicionamiento de la Societat Catalana Digestologia y la Societat]. Gastroenterologia y Hepatologia. 2022;45(1):77-81. DOI:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2021.04.003. (In Sp.).

42. Naef AC, Jeitziner M‑M, Gerber SM. Virtual reality stimulation to reduce the incidence of delirium in critically ill patients: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Trials. 2021;22(1):174. DOI:10.1186/s13063-021-05090‑2.

43. Namasudra S, Deka GC, Johri P. The Revolution of Blockchain: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering. 2021;(3):1497-1515. DOI:10.1007/s11831-020-09426‑0.

44. Ozuem W, Willis M, Howell K. Effects of online brand communities on millennials’ brand loyalty in the fashion industry. Psychology and Marketing. 2021;38(5):774-793. DOI:10.1002/mar.21466.

45. Salvetti F, Gardner R, Minehart R, Bertagni B. Digital Learning: Healthcare Training by Tele-Simulation and Online Cooperation. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. 2022;349:304-311. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-90677-1_29.

46. Shirokova ES, Fedulin AM. On the Issue of Liability for Harm Caused by the Actions of Drones Using Artificial Intelligence. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. 2022;330:664-671. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-87178-9_66.

47. Sorokin A, Malkovsky S, Tsoy G. Comparing the performance of general matrix multiplication routine on heterogeneous computing systems. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. 2022;160:39-48. DOI:10.1016/j.jpdc.2021.10.002.

48. Tubadji A, Angelis V, Nijkamp P. Endogenous intangible resources and their place in the institutional hierarchy. Review of Regional Research. 2016;36(1):1-28. DOI:10.1007/s10037-015-0097‑5.

49. Vidiasov E, Vidiasova L. The digitalization of citizen participation in city governance: A study of citizen communication channels in St. Petersburg. Zhurnal Issledovanii Sotsial’noi Politiki. 2021;19(1):115-128.

50. Zhang J‑X, Wang L, Hou H‑Y. Age-related impairment of navigation and strategy in virtual star maze. BMC Geriatrics. 2021;21(1):108. DOI:10.1186/s12877-021-02034‑y