THE NOTION OF THE CLAIM: PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION

The main form of protection of civil rights (in the broad sense) is the form of action bringing, the impact of which has increased significantly as a result of the transition to a market economy. This form has gained even wider application with the adoption of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation of March 8, 2015, that has introduced the institution of an administrative action in relation to cases arising from administrative and other relations regulated in the context of public law. However, the question concerning the concept of the action, regarding which in the legal science several concepts are being applied, remains unclear and the paper examines different concepts dealing with the notion of the action. In particular, according to the author, the term “action” does not mean a legal act. This view is based on the common identification of the Russian term “isk” with the Latin term actio that literally meaning “action.” The article also subjects to extensive criticism an outdated doctrine about the action in procedural and substantive senses. Attention is also drawn to the shortcomings of the doctrine that treats the action as the unity of the two parties — procedural (the applicant’s claim to the court) and substantive (the applicant’s claim to the defendant). The author has examined the inconsistency of the doctrine of the lawsuit developed by G. L. Osokina treating the action as the claim to protect a right and at the same time to admit the existence of the right to bring an action in a procedural and substantive sense. Also, the article analyzes the shortcomings of the definitions of the action given by V. V. Yarkov and O. V. Isaenkova. In conclusion, the author substantiates and gives his own definition of the concept of the action as the request addressed to court by the person concerned, submitted and considered in a certain procedural order in order to protect the violated right. The concept under consideration is also defined as the right that requires confirmation, freedom or legitimate interest and the direct exercise of the right or the satisfaction of a legitimate interest for which another person is held liable.

1. Avdeenko N. I. Isk [The lawsuit]. Soviet Civil Proceedings, N. A. Chechina & D. M. Chechina (eds), Leningrad, Publishing House of Leningrad State University, 1984, pp. 108—128. (In Russ.)

2. Bocharova N. S. Isk [The lawsuit]. Civil Procedure : A textbook. M. K. Treushnikov (ed.). 6th ed., revised and suppl., Moscow, Statut Publ., 2019, pp. 305—336. (In Russ.)

3. Volozhanin V. P. Utochnenie nekotorykh kategoriy (ponyatiy) iskovogo proizvodstva [Clarification of certain categories (notions) of claim proceedings]. Voprosy teorii i praktiki grazhdanskogo protsessa. Vol. 1. Saratov, 1976, pp. 18—24. (In Russ.)

4. Gurvich M. A. Isk [The lawsuit]. Soviet civil proceedings, M. A. Gurvich (ed.). Moscow, Vysshaya shkola Publ., 1975. Pp. 101—129. (In Russ.)

5. Gurvich M. A. Pravo na isk : uchebnoe posobie [Right of action: A textbook]. Moscow, VYuZI Publ., 1978. 54 p. (In Russ.)

6. Gurvich M. A. Uchenie ob iske (sostav, vidy) : uchebnoe posobie [The doctrine of the lawsuit (composition, types): A textbook]. Moscow, VYuZI Publ., 1981. 40 p. (In Russ.)

7. Dobrovolskiy A. A. Iskovaya forma zashchity prava [The claim form of protection of the right]. Moscow, Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1965. 190 p. (In Russ.)

8. Dobrovolskiy A. A. Ponyatie iska [The concept of the claim]. Dobrovolsky A. A., Ivanova S. A. Osnovnye problemy iskovoy formy zashchity prava [The main problems of the claim form of protection of the right]. Moscow, Moscow State University Publishing House, 1979, pp. 7—19. (In Russ.)

9. Dobrovolskiy A. A. Ponyatie iska [The concept of the claim]. Kurs sovetskogo grazhdanskogo protsessualnogo prava : v 2 t. [The course of the Soviet Civil Procedural Law: in 2 volumes]. A. A. Melnikova (ed.), P. P. Gureeeva, A. A. Dobrovolsky, V. S. Tadevosyan, P. Ya. Trubnikova. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1981, Vol. 1, pp. 410—422. (In Russ.)

10. Eliseykin P. F. Ponyatie prava na predyavlenie iska [The concept of the right to sue]. Problemy ponyatiynogo apparata nauki grazhdanskogo i grazhdanskogo protsessualnogo prava Problems of the conceptual apparatus of the science of civil and civil procedural law]. Yaroslavl, 1987. Pр. 86—95. (In Russ.)

11. Eliseykin P. F. Predmet sudebnoy deyatelnosti v sovetskom grazhdanskom protsesse : avtoref. dis. ... d-ra yurid. nauk [The subject of judicial activity in the Soviet civil proceedings: Dissertation of Dr. Sci. (Law)]. Moscow, 1974. 31 p. (In Russ.)

12. Zheruolis I. A. O sootnoshenii materialnogo i protsessualnogo v iske [The ratio of substantive and procedural in the suit]. Formy zashchity prava i sootnoshenie materialnogo i protsessualnogo v otdelnykh pravovykh institutakh [Forms of protection of law and the balance between the material and procedural in certain legal institutions]. Kalinin, 1977, pp. 12—19. (n Russ.)

13. Zaitsev I. M. Administrativnye iski [Administrative claims]. Rossiyskaya yustitsiya [The Russian Justice]. 1996. No. 4. Pp. 23—25. (In Russ.)

14. Zeyder N. B. Elementy iska v sovetskom grazhdanskom protsesse [Elements of the claim in the Soviet civil process]. Scientific notes of Saratov Law Institute. Issue IV. Saratov, 1956, pp. 132—168. (In Russ.)

15. Ivanova S. A. Isk. Grazhdanskiy protsess : uchebnik [A claim. Civil proceedings : A Textbook]. M. K. Treushnikov (ed.). 6th ed., revised and suppl., Moscow, Statut Publ., 2014, pp. 324—350. (In Russ.)

16. Ivanova S. A. Uchebnik grazhdanskogo protsessa [A textbook of civil proceedings]. M. K. Treushnikov (ed.). Moscow, Spark Publ., 1996, pp. 141—158. (In Russ.)

17. Isaenkova O. V. Isk v grazhdanskom sudoproizvodstve : uchebnoe posobie [ A claim in civil proceedings: tA extbook]. V. M. A. Vikut (ed.). Saratov, SGAP Publ., 1997. 96 p. (In Russ.)

18. Isachenko V. L. Russkoe grazhdanskoe sudoproizvodstvo : v 2 ch. [Russian Civil Court Proceedings: in 2 vol]. 3rd ed., suppl.. St. Petersburg, M. Merkushev Printing House, 1910. Vol. 1: Claim Proceedings. 438 p. (In Russ.)

19. Kleinman A. F. Nekotorye teoreticheskie voprosy ucheniya ob iske v sovetskom grazhdanskom protsesse [Some theoretical issues of the doctrine on the claim in the Soviet civil process]. Uchenye trudy Saratov. yurid. instituta [Scientific notes of Saratov Law Institute], Vol. 3. Saratov, 1969, pp. 147—165. (In Russ.)

20. Kleinman A. F. Osnovnye voprosy ucheniya ob iske v sovetskom grazhdanskom protsesse : uchebnoe posobie [The main issues of the doctrine of the law suit in the Soviet civil procedure: A textbook]. Moscow, 1959. 26 p. (In Russ.)

21. Kozhukhar A. N. Pravo na sudebnuyu zashchitu v iskovom proizvodstve [The right to judicial protection in suit proceedings]. Kishinev, Shtiintsa Publ., 1989. 140 p. (In Russ.)

22. Loginov P.V. ponyatie iska i iskovaya forma zashchity prava [The concept of claim and the form of claim protection of the right]. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo [The Soviet State and Law]. 1983. No. 2. Pр. 100—105. (In Russ.)

23. Maslennikova N. I. Isk. Grazhdanskiy protsess [A Claim. Civil Proceedings]. V.V. Yarkov (ed.). 3rd ed., revised and suppl., Moscow, Bek Publ., 1999. (In Russ.)

24. Mikhailov S. M., Pyatiletov I. M. Isk. Grazhdanskiy protsess : uchebnik dlya bakalavrov [A Claim. Civil Procedure: A textbook for Bachelor Students]. Ed. by V.V. Blazheev, E. E. Uksusova (ed.). Moscow, Prospekt Publ., 2015, pp. 208—240. (In Russ.)

25. Nefediev E. A. Uchenie ob iske [The doctrine of the lawsuit]. Issue. I. Introduction. Kazan University Publishing House, 1895. 43 p. (In Russ.)

26. Osokina G. L. Isk (teoriya i praktika) [The lawsuit (theory and practice)]. Moscow, Gorodets Publ., 2000. 192 p. (In Russ.)

27. Osokina G. L. Problemy iska i prava na isk [Problems of the claim and right to claim]. Tomsk, Publishing House of Tomsk University, 1989. 196 p. (In Russ.)

28. Pyatiletov I. M. Isk. Grazhdanskoe protsessualnoe pravo Rossii [A Claim, Civil Procedural Law of Russia]. M. C. Shakaryan (ed.), 2nd ed., rev. and suppl., Moscow, Bylina Publ., 1999, pp. 141—173. (In Russ.)

29. Pyatiletov I. M. Isk. Grazhdanskoe protsessualnoe pravo Rossii [A Claim, Civil Procedural Law of Russia]. M. C. Shakaryan (ed.). Moscow, Bylina Publ., 1996, pp. 118—144. (In Russ.)

30. Sakhnova T. V. Kurs grazhdanskogo protsessa [A course on civil proceedings]. 2nd ed., revised and supplemented, Moscow, Statut Publ., 2014. 784 p. (In Russ.)

31. Smychkova M. I. Isk v arbitrazhe [A claim in arbitration]. Voprosy sovetskogo gosudarstva i prava [Questions of the Soviet State and Law]. Tomsk, 1974, pp. 75—80. (In Russ.)

32. Ferens-Sorotskiy A. A. Isk. Grazhdanskiy protsess [A Claim. Civil Proceedings]. V. A. Musin, N. A. Chechina, D. M. Chechota (eds). 3rd ed., rev. and supplemented. Moscow, PBOYuL Grizhenko E. M. Publ., 2001. Pp. 188—209. (In Russ.)

33. Chechot D. M. Isk i iskovye formy zashchity prava [A claim and claim forms of protection of the right]. Pravovedenie. 1969. No. 4. Pр. 71—79. (In Russ.)

34. Chechot D. M. Subektivnoe pravo i formy ego zashchity []A subjective right and forms of its protection]. Leningrad, Leningrad University Publishing House, 1968. 72 p. (In Russ.)

35. Shcheglov V. N. Isk o sudebnoy zashchite prava. Lektsii dlya studentov [A lawsuit for judicial protection of the right. Lectures for students]. Tomsk, Publishing House of Tomsk University, 1987. 168 p. (In Russ.)

36. Yudelson K. S. Sovetskiy grazhdanskiy protsess [The Soviet civil process]. Moscow, Gosyurizdat Publ., 1956. 439 p. (In Russ.)

37. Yarkov V. V. Isk. Grazhdanskiy protsess : uchebnik dlya studentov vysshikh yuridicheskikh uchebnykh zavedeniy [A claim. Civil proceedings : A Textbook for students of higher legal educational institutions]. V.V. Yarkov (ed.), 10th ed., revised and suppl., Moscow, Statut Publ., 2017, pp. 254—293. (In Russ.)