Jurisprudence in the Era of Change: Subject and Structure of the Discipline

The law exists in the form of institutions and in the form of representations of institutions, since the representation of something (phenomenon) has a conceptual dimension in the representation of something (concept). Representations of law and representations of law are two aspects of the expression and manifestation of the general legal reality. This, in fact, leads to a fundamental dilemma in determining the subject of legal science. This is the science of law or the science of legal science. Given that the concept of law is a theory of law developed into a system of definitions, the practical language of law finds itself in the theoretical language of jurisprudence, and vice versa. The languages in which the law operates, and the languages in which the phenomenon of law is interpreted, constitute the general object and subject of jurisprudence.

Jurisprudence is a conceptual part of legal reality, both an object and a subject of legal science. The evolution of jurisprudence in the cultural-historical logic of changes in its subject and methods is the basis for changes in its disciplinary structure and connections in the general system of social and political sciences. Each cultural and historical epoch of the existence of law corresponds to its own grammar of law and its own epistemology of law, that is, its own analytical language and disciplinary format of legal knowledge. The law exists in the definitions of its concept. The concept of law has both an ontological and epistemological status. One thinks of law because it exists, and one understands the law because it is defined. Each tradition of understanding the law can be conceptually seen in the phenomenon of law that other traditions of legal understanding do not see or do not notice. The history of the development of the concept of law (conceptualization of law) contains the history of the development of legal institutions (institutionalization of law). Both components of legal reality — objective and subjective grounds and conditions for the emergence and development of the phenomenon of law live in the framework definitions of their social culture, its language and discourse. That is, they live in historical forms of awareness and understanding of one’s own law — from the law indicated in rituals, myths, signs and symbols, to the law indicated in canonical texts, doctrines and concepts; from the law of disciplinary society to the law of network communities; from the law of political domination and bureaucratic management to the law of civil communications and network agreements.

1. Agazzi E. Nauchnaya obektivnost i konteksty [Scientific objectivity and contexts]. Moscow; 2017. (In Russ.).

2. Azarkin NM. Vseobshchaya istoriya yurisprudentsii [Universal history of jurisprudence]. Moscow; 2003. (In Russ.).

3. Bauman Z. Myslit sotsiologicheski [To think in a sociological manner]. Moscow: Aspekt-Press; 1996. (In Russ.).

4. Bachmann-Medik D. Kulturnye povoroty. Novye orientiry v naukakh o kulture [Cultural turns. New landmarks in the cultural sciences]. Moscow; 2017. (In Russ.).

5. Boldyrev NN. Yazyk i sistema znaniy. Kognitivnaya teoriya yazyka [Language and knowledge system. Cognitive theory of language]. Moscow; 2019. (In Russ.).

6. Bourdieu P. Vlast prava. Osnovy sotsiologii yuridicheskogo polya [The force of law: Toward a sociology of the juridical field]. Sotsialnoe prostranstvo: polya i praktiki [Social space: fields and practices]. St. Petersburg; 2014;75-128. (In Russ.).

7. Bourdieu P. Formy kapitala [Forms of capital]. Zapadnaya ekonomicheskaya sotsiologiya: khrestomatiya sovremennoy klassiki [Western economic sociology: anthology of modern classics]. Moscow; 2004:519-536. (In Russ.).

8. Varlamova NV. Predmetno-metodologicheskoe edinstvo i differentsiatsiya teoreticheskogo znaniya o prave [Subject methodological unity and differentiation of theoretical knowledge on law]. Ezhegodnik libertarnoyuridicheskoy teorii [Yearbook of libertarian legal theory]. Moscow; 2007. (In Russ.).

9. Vezhbitskaya A. Ponimanie kultur posredstvom klyuchevykh slov [Understanding cultures through keywords]. Moscow; 2001;1. (In Russ.).

10. Virno P. Grammatika mnozhestva. K analizu form sovremennoy zhizni [Grammar of the multitude. To the analysis of forms of modern life]. Moscow; 2015. (In Russ.).

11. Vlasenko NA. Yazyk prava [Language of law]. Irkutsk; 1997. (In Russ.).

12. Jamieson F. Postmodernizm, ili kulturnaya logika pozdnego kapitalizma. [Postmodernism, or, the cultural logic of late capitalism]. Moscow; 2019. (In Russ.).

13. Gingras I. Sotsiokulturnye osnovaniya nauki. Sotsiologiya nauki [Sociocultural foundations of science. Sociology of science]. Moscow; 2017. (In Russ.).

14. Karaulov YuN., Petrov VV. Ot grammatiki teksta k kognitivnoy teorii diskursa. Ten van Deyk. Yazyk. Poznanie. Kommunikatsiya [From text grammar to cognitive discourse theory. Ten van Dyck. Language. Knowledge. Communication]. Moscow; 1989. (In Russ.).

15. Collins R. Chetyre sotsiologicheskie traditsii [Four sociological traditions]. Moscow; 2009. (In Russ.).

16. Kotin MA. Yazyk i vremya. Ocherki teorii yazykovykh izmeneniy [Language and time. Essays on the theory of language change]. Moscow; 2018. (In Russ.).

17. Kubryakova ES. Yazyk i znanie [Language and knowledge]. Moscow; 2004. (In Russ.).

18. Chestnova IL, Tonkov EN (eds.). Kulturnye issledovaniya prava [Cultural studies of law]. St. Petersburg; 2018. (In Russ.).

19. Kun T. Struktura nauchnykh revolyutsiy [Structure of scientific revolutions]. Moscow; 2009. (In Russ.).

20. Lazarev VV., Lipen SV. Istoriya i metodologiya yuridicheskoy nauki [History and methodology of legal science]. Moscow; 2019. (In Russ.).

21. Leontovich OA. Metody kommunikativnykh issledovaniy [Methods of communication research]. Moscow; 2011. (In Russ.).

22. Lingvokulturologicheskie issledovaniya. Ponyatie very v raznykh yazykakh i kulturakh [Linguistic and cultural studies. The concept of faith in different languages and cultures]. Moscow; 2019. (In Russ.).

23. Mazhorina MV. Setevaya paradigma mezhdunarodnogo chastnogo prava: konturirovanie kontseptsii [Network Paradigm of Private International Law: Contouring the concep]. Aktualnye problemy rossiyskogo prava [Actual Problems of Russian Law]. 2019;4:140-159. (In Russ.).

24. Martynov VI. Konets vremeni muzykantov [End of time for musicians]. Moscow; 2019. (In Russ.).

25. Meye A. Kak slova menyayut znachenie (1906). Ponyatiya, idei, konstruktsii. Ocherki sravnitelnoy istoricheskoy semantiki [How words change meaning (1906). Concepts, ideas, constructions. Essays on comparative historical semantics]. Moscow; 2019. (In Russ.).

26. Meletinskiy EM. Poetika mifa [Poetics of myth]. St. Petersburg; 2018. (In Russ.).

27. Mikhaylov AM. Aktualnye voprosy teorii pravovoy ideologii i metodologii yurisprudentsii: monografiya [Topical issues of the theory of legal ideology and methodology of jurisprudence: monograph]. Moscow; 2016. (In Russ.).

28. Polyakov AV. Proshchanie s klassikoy, ili kak vozmozhna kommunikativnaya teoriya prava [Farewell to the classics, or how the communicative theory of law is possible]. Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik teorii prava [Russian Yearbook of the Theory of Law]. 2008;1:9-42. St. Petersburg; 2009. (In Russ.).

29. Chestnov IL (ed.). Postklassicheskaya ontologiya prava [Post-classical ontology of law]. St. Petersburg; 2016. (In Russ.).

30. Prodi P. Istoriya spravedlivosti. Ot plyuralizma forumov k sovremennomu dualizmu sovesti i prava [The history of justice. From the pluralism of forums to the modern dualism of conscience and law]. Moscow; 2017. (In Russ.).

31. Russell B. Istoriya zapadnoy filosofii i ee svyazi s politicheskimi i sotsialnymi usloviyami ot Antichnosti i do nashikh dney [The history of western philosophy and its relation to political and social conditions from antiquity to the present day]. Moscow; 2009. (In Russ.).

32. Saveleva I, Poletayev A. Modeli razvitiya nauki i problema klassiki [Models of Science Development and the Problem of Classics]. Klassicheskoe nasledie [Classical Heritage]. Moscow; 2010. (In Russ.).

33. Skinner K. Istoki sovremennoy politicheskoy mysli [The Foundations of Modern Political Thought]. Vol. 1. Epokha Renessansa [The Renaissance]; Vol. 2 : Epokha Reformatsii [The Era of the Reformation]. Moscow; 2018. (In Russ.).

34. Fogelson YB. Myagkoe pravo v sovremennom pravovom diskurse [Soft Law in Modern Legal Discourse]. Zhurnal rossiyskogo prava [Journal of Russian Law]. 2013;9. (In Russ.).

35. Habermas Yu. K arkhitektonike i differentsiatsii diskursov [On the architectonics of discoursive differentiation]. Mezhdu naturalizmom i religiey. Filosofskie stati [Between Naturalism and Religion. Philosophical Papers]. Moscow; 2011. p.76-95. (In Russ.).

36. Hart HLA. Filosofiya i yazyk prava [Philosophy and the Language of Law]. Moscow; 2017. (In Russ.).

37. Chestnov IL. Istoriya i metodologiya yuridicheskoy nauki [History and methodology of legal science]. Moscow; 2018. (In Russ.).

38. Chestnov IL. Osnovnye kharakteristiki postklassicheskoy teorii prava [Main characteristics of the postclassical theory of law]. Sovremennoe pravoponimanie: kurs lektsiy [Modern understanding of law: a course of lectures]. Marchenko MN (ed.). Moscow; 2016. P. 283-308 (In Russ.).

39. Shatskiy E. Istoriya sotsiologicheskoy mysli [History of sociological thought]. Moscow; 2018. Vol. 1-2. (In Russ.).

40. Espagne M. Istoriya tsivilizatsiy kak kulturnyy transfer [History of civilizations as cultural transfer]. Moscow; 2018. (In Russ.).