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Kazakh Customary Law and Court Procedure of Biys

https://doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2016.117.8.168-177

Abstract

Further improvement of the current system of national law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of continuity and phase necessitates the study of the historical features of formation and development of the phenomenon of the Kazakh customary law and folk activities, "arbitrators" - biys. The article, devoted to the study of these issues, considers the basic historical sources of the Kazakh customary law: traditional customs and judicial precedents of biys, contained usually in oral folk tradition; Shariah, based on the rules of Islam (the Koran), which apply in relation to offenses against religion and, in part, crimes against family relations; guidance adopted by an extraordinary congress of the biy - Erezhe, served standing law biys at a resolution of criminal and civil cases. Erezhe in a systematic way explained the question about the order of proceedings and jurisdiction of limitations of criminal prosecution, on the responsibility of co-perpetrators, the types and amounts of punishment, in particular the amount of Kuna (redemption) and aipa (fine), aggravating and mitigating conditions and so on. Separate historical development of the judicial system in Kazakhstan was complicated by its accession in 1731 to the Russian Empire, which led not only to a certain limit of the application of customary laws and the activities of the biy court, but also the introduction on its territory of empire-wide system of courts, acting on the basis of Russian legislation . This fact has caused an ambiguous attitude of contemporaries to the ongoing reforms. The outstanding Kazakh scientist Ciocan Valikhanov noted the absence of any official formalities and routine as the main advantage of the biy court Alikhan Bukeikhanov is the representative of the liberation movement in Kazakhstan in the beginning of the twentieth. He believed that the biy court is essentially national in form, and that the policy of the colonial government to replace its other vessels can not be considered a good solution. The great educator, poet and thinker Abai Kunanbayev actively promoted innovation in existing customary law, codified the individual institutions of the Kazakh criminal procedure and civil procedure law. According to T. M. Kulteleev, the new order as a whole "had known progressive significance in comparison with the old order, rooted for centuries in the work of the biy court. " In the current provisions of the national Kazakh law we can find examples of legislative consolidation of certain customary Kazakh law and the features of the proceedings of biys, in particular, in the current Code of Criminal Procedure there enshrined such principles of criminal proceedings as a publicity exercise of justice on the basis of competitiveness and equality of the parties, a comprehensive, complete and objective an investigation.

About the Author

S. P. Varennikova
Eurasian Academy of Law after A. Kunaev
Russian Federation


References

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For citations:


Varennikova S.P. Kazakh Customary Law and Court Procedure of Biys. Lex Russica. 2016;(8):168-177. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2016.117.8.168-177

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ISSN 1729-5920 (Print)
ISSN 2686-7869 (Online)