Tactics and Technology of Non-Verbal Investigative Actions Production in Computer Crimes Cases: Theory and Practice

The paper considers the doctrine of information and computer forensic support of investigative and judicial actions tactics, which is part of the system of the private theory of information and computer support of forensic activity. The subject of the teaching is the laws of gathering, scrutinizing and applying computer information in the production of investigative and judicial actions. The objects are the tactics and technology of investigative and judicial actions. Based on the theoretical aspects of the teaching, the authors have developed the tactics and technology of non-verbal investigative actions in cases of computer crimes. Among these are inspection of the scene of the crime, search, seizure, investigative experiment, given the choice of tactical impact and making a tactical decision depending on the specifics of investigative situations in the conditions of tactical risk associated with possible counteraction to the investigation. The tactical and technological support for the production of the above-mentioned non-verbal investigative actions is developed taking into account the features of digital traces, which are characterized by a high speed of transformation, are easily destroyed and modified, can be represented by an almost infinite number of copies, are characterized by the impossibility of perception directly by the senses, but only with the use of special devices and programs for detection, fixation and preservation, are confirmed by control numbers (hash sums) or other data indicating their integrity. The basic principles of working with digital traces in the production of non-verbal investigative actions are determined. They are the preservation of digital traces unchanged at all stages of working with them; full reflection of all manipulations in the protocols of investigative actions; the exceptional importance of preparatory measures, including the selection of a specialist and the determination of his competence, the availability of the necessary equipment and software for working with digital traces. For each of the above-mentioned investigative actions in the investigation of computer crimes, tactical techniques and technological support for the most effective obtaining of criminally significant evidentiary and investigative information have been developed.

1. Averyanova TV, Belkin RS, Korukhov YuG, Rossinskaya ER. Kriminalistika: uchebnik dlya vuzov [Criminalistics: A textbook for universities]. 4th ed., rev. and suppl. Moscow: Norma: Infra-M; 2013. (In Russ.)

2. Belkin RS. Kurs kriminalistiki [The course in criminology]. 3rd ed., suppl. Moscow: Unity-Dana: Zakon i pravo; 2001. (In Russ.)

3. Vekhov VB. Elektronnye dokazatelstva: problemy teorii i praktiki [Electronic evidence: Problems of theory and practice]. Pravoporyadok: istoriya, teoriya, praktika [Legal Order: History, Theory, Practice]. 2016;4(11):46-50. (In Russ.)

4. Rossinskaya ER. Kriminalistika: uchebnik dlya vuzov [Criminalistics: A textbook for universities]. Moscow: Norma-Infra-M; 2016. (In Russ.)

5. Rossinskaya ER. Napravleniya innovatsionnogo razvitiya kriminalisticheskoy taktiki i metodik rassledovaniya v usloviyakh globalnoy tsifrovizatsii [Directions of innovative development of forensic tactics and investigative techniques in the context of global digitalization]. In: II Minskie kriminalisticheskie chteniya: materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii (Minsk, 10 dekabrya 2020 g.): v 2 ch. [2nd Minsk forensic readings: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference (Minsk, December 10, 2020). In 2 parts]. Minsk: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus; 2020. Part 1. P. 207- 211. (In Russ.)

6. Rossinskaya ER. Teoriya informatsionno-kompyuternogo obespecheniya kriminalisticheskoy deyatelnosti: kontseptsiya, sistema, osnovnye zakonomernosti [Theory of information and computer support of criminalistic activity: concept, system, main regularities]. Vestnik Vostochno-Sibirskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2019;2(89):193-202. (In Russ.)

7. Rossinskaya ER, Ryadovskiy IA. Kontseptsiya tsifrovykh sledov v kriminalistike [The concept of digital traces in criminology]. In: Aubakirovskie chteniya: materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii (19 fevralya 2019 g.) [Aubakirov Readings: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference (February 19, 2019)]. Almaty: Almatinskaya akademiya MVD Respubliki Kazakhstan; 2019. (In Russ.)

8. Rossinskaya ER, Semikalenova AI. Osnovy ucheniya o kriminalisticheskom issledovanii kompyuternykh sredstv i sistem kak chast teorii informatsionno-kompyuternogo obespecheniya kriminalisticheskoy deyatelnosti [Fundamentals of the doctrine of forensic research of computer tools and systems as part of the theory of information and computer support for forensic activities]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Pravo [Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law]. 2020;11(3):745-759. (In Russ.)

9. Rossinskiy SB. Sledstvennye deystviya: monografiya [Investigative actions: A monograph]. Moscow: Norma; 2018. (In Russ.)

10. Ryadovskiy IA. Kompetentsii spetsialista po rabote s tsifrovymi sledami pri proizvodstve sledstvennykh deystviy [The competence of a specialist in working with digital traces in the production of investigative actions]. Zakony Rossii. Opyt. Analiz. Praktika [The laws of Russia. Experience. Analysis. Practice]. 2020;9:94- 100. (In Russ.)

11. Chekunov IG, Golovanov SYu, et al. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po rassledovaniyu prestupleniy v sfere kompyuternoy informatsii: ucheb. posobie [Methodological recommendations for the investigation of crimes in the field of computer information. A textbook]. 2nd ed. Moscow: Moskovskiy universitet MVD Rossii imeni V. Ya. Kikotya Publishing house; 2019. (In Russ.)

12. Casey E. Digital Evidence and Computer Crime: Forensic Science, Computers, and the Internet. Academic Press; 2011. (In Eng.)

13. Introduction to Cybercrime. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Available from: https://www.unodc. org/e4j/en/tertiary/cybercrime.html [cited 2021 July 11]. (In Eng.)

14. James JI, Gladyshev P. Challenges with Automation in Digital Forensic Investigations. Available from: https:// arxiv.org/pdf/1303.4498 [cited 2021 July 11]. (In Eng.)

15. Maras M-H. Cybercriminology. Oxford University Press; 2016. (In Eng.)

16. McGuire and Dowling. Cybercrime: A review of the evidence. Research Report 75. Chapter 2: Cyber-enabled crimes-fraud and theft. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/248621/horr75-chap2.pdf [cited 2021 July 11]. (In Eng.)