Criminological Research of Architectural, Construction and Infrastructural Environment of Modern Cities (Landmarks, Goals, Foreign Experience and Results)

In recent decades, in many countries of the world, promising applied scientific studies of architectural, construction and infrastructural environment of cities have been actively pursued for their criminogenicity. They not only expand the range of knowledge about causes and conditions of crime in cities, but also lead to the adoption of significant managerial decisions in the field of urban planning, construction, reconstruction and improvement of the territory of settlements, implementation of which neutralizes and suppresses criminogenic factors. In many cities, the level of crime has significantly decreased and the degree of victimological safety of city dwellers has increased due to carrying out these practice oriented scientific developments based on the connection identified by criminologists between crime and the nature of urban development, the location and appearance of buildings and structures, a layout of settlements, urban design and other environmental factors and following the conclusions and recommendations obtained from their results. Intensive processes of urbanization and urban population growth, which are observed today all over the world, actualize such studies and make them especially actual. This study not only acquaints the reader with the theoretical basis, teleological foundations, features, basic principles, the most recent results and new knowledge obtained by modern scientists-criminologists who study criminogenic factors of architectural, construction and infrastructural urban environment, but also with specific empirical material, obtained by the author and his colleagues, demonstrates the positive effect, heuristic potential and advantages of the direction of scientific research under consideration.

1. Avrutin YuE. Kriminologicheskiy analiz prestupnosti v regione. Metodologiya, metodika, tekhnika : uchebnometodicheskoe posobie [Criminological analysis of crime in the region. Methodology, technique, technique: a lextbook]. Leningrad; 1991(In Russ.).

2. Belaya NM. Ulichnaya prestupnost: kriminologicheskaya kharakteristika i preduprezhdenie [Street crime: criminological characteristics and prevention]. St. Petersburg; 2014 (In Russ.).

3. Biyalt VS. Sovremennye problemy v sfere blagoustroystva territorii munitsipalnykh obrazovaniy [Modern problems in the field of improvement of the territory of municipalities]. In: Fundamental and applied research in science and education: a collection of articles of the International Scientific and Practical Conference August 27, 2020. Ufa; 2020.

4. Gleizer E. Triumf goroda: kak nashe velichayshee izobretenie delaet nas bogache, umnee, ekologichnee, zdorovee i schastlivee [City triumph: how our greatest invention makes us richer, smarter, greener, healthier and happier]. Moscow; 2014 (In Russ.).

5. Gold D. Psikhologiya i geografiya. Osnovy povedencheskoy geografii [Psychology and geography. Fundamentals of Behavioral Geography]. Moscow; 1990 (In Russ.).

6. Jacobs D. Smert i zhizn bolshikh amerikanskikh gorodov [Death and life of large American cities]. Moscow; 2011 (In Russ.).

7. Ivanova MS. Kriminalnaya bezopasnost zhiloy sredy: arkhitekturnye aspekty [Criminal safety of the living environment: architectural aspects. Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education. 2012;38:12-17 (In Russ.).

8. Iudin AA, Shpilev DA. Sovremennaya sotsiologiya: obyasnyayushchaya i analiticheskaya [Modern sociology: explanatory and analytical]. Bulletin of N. I. Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod. Series «Social Sciences». 2014;2:54-61 (In Russ.).

9. Kashirina ON. Problemy vospriyatiya arkhitekturnogo napravleniya kriminologii otechestvennoy pravovoy doktrinoy [Problems of perception of the architectural direction of criminology of domestic legal doctrine]. Innovative Economics and Law. 2017;1:94-98 (In Russ.).

10. Kiyanenko K. Arkhitektura i bezopasnost: «zashchishchayushchee prostranstvo» Oskara Nyumana [Architecture and Security: Oscar Newman’s «Protective Space»]. Architectural Bulletin. 2011;5:87-92 (In Russ.).

11. Kozachenko IYa, Korsakov KV. Kriminologiya : uchebnik i praktikum dlya bakalavriata i spetsialiteta [Criminology: a textbook and workshop for undergraduate and graduate students]. Moscow; 2021 (In Russ.).

12. Korsakov KV. Gorodskoe prostranstvo v rakurse ugolovno-pravovoy nauki [Urban Space in Criminal Sciences Perspective]. Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport. 2016;1:86-93 (In Russ.).

13. Krayushkina MM, Shegabudinov RSh. Fenomenologiya ulichnoy prestupnosti (postanovochnye problemy) [Phenomenology of Street Criminality (Production Problems)]. Vestnik of Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2011;2:214-221 (In Russ.).

14. Lynch K. Obraz goroda [The image of the city]. Moscow; 1982 (In Russ.).

15. Lynch K. Sovershennaya forma v gradostroitelstve [Perfect form in urban planning]. Moscow; 1986 (In Russ.).

16. Morozov AV, Pozdnyakov AN. Sovremennoe sostoyanie borby s kvartirnymi krazhami v Rossii, sovershennymi chlenami organizovannykh prestupnykh struktur [A current state of the fight against burglaries in Russia, committed members of organized criminal structures]. Law and Legislation. 2020;8:136-141 (In Russ.).

17. Park R. Izbrannye ocherki : sbornik perevodov [Selected Essays: a collection of translations]. Moscow; 2011 (In Russ.).

18. Popova ER. Antiterroristicheskaya zashchita sredstvami arkhitektury [Anti-terrorist protection by means of architecture]. Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education. 2011;34:24-31 (In Russ.).

19. Proskura VV. Kriminologicheskiy portret territorii kak neobkhodimoe uslovie prognozirovaniya i protivodeystviya prestupnosti, a takzhe otsenki effektivnosti pravookhranitelnoy deyatelnosti [Criminological portrait of a territory as a necessary condition for predicting and combating crime, as well as assessing the effectiveness of law enforcement]. The Humanities and Social Sciences. 2012;6:214-222 (In Russ.).

20. Rachkova NM. Izmenenie materialnoy okruzhayushchey sredy kak odin iz faktorov borby s ulichnoy prestupnostyu [Change physical environment as one of factors of street crime prevention]. Bulletin of Irkutsk State Economic Academy. 2012;4:149-151 (In Russ.).

21. Resin VI. Obespechenie bezopasnosti — pervostepennaya zadacha gradostroitelnogo kompleksa stolitsy [Ensuring safety is the primary task of the city-planning complex of the capital]. Moscow Architecture and Construction. 2006;2-3:47-56 (In Russ.).

22. Leps A, Pavelson M, Raska E, Yunapuu E. Sotsialno-territorialnye razlichiya i prestupnost v usloviyakh krupnogo goroda (na materialakh g. Tallina) [Socio-territorial differences and crime in a large city (based on materials from Tallinn)]. Tallinn; 1981 (In Russ.).

23. Khasieva SA. Arkhitektura gorodskoy sredy [Architecture of the urban environment]. Moscow; 2001 (In Russ.).

24. Shevotsukov PA. Voprosy obespecheniya kompleksnoy bezopasnosti v stroitelstve [Issues of ensuring integrated safety in construction]. Journal-catalog «Construction safety». 2005;6:19-28 (In Russ.).

25. Angel S. Discouraging Crime Through City Planning. Berkeley; 1968.

26. Atlas R. 21st Century Security and CPTED: Designing for Critical Infrastructure Protection and Crime Prevention. Los-Angeles; 2008.

27. Block RL, Block CR. Space, Place and Crime: Hot Spot Areas and Hot Places of Liquor-Related Crime. Washington; 1995.

28. Brantingham P, Brantingham P. Environmental Criminology. New York; 1981.

29. Clarke RV. Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case. New York; 1992.

30. Clarke RV, Mayhew P. Designing out Crime. London; 1980.

31. Crowe T. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design : Applications of Architectural Design and Space Management Concepts. Boston; 2010.

32. Davies L. Safer Places: Plаnning Systеm and Crimе Prеvеntion. London; 2004.

33. Feng J, Dong Y, Song LA. Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Urban Crime in Beijing : Based on Data for Property Crime. Urban Studies. 2016;53(15):3223–3245.

34. Glancey J. New British Architects. London; 1991.

35. Häfele J. «Incivilities», Kriminalität und Kriminalpolitik : Aktuelle Tendenzen und Forschungsergebnisse. Neue Kriminalpolitik : Forum für Praxis, Recht und Kriminalwissenschaften. 2006;3(18):104-–109 (In Germ.).

36. Kajalo S, Lindblom A. The Perceived Effectiveness of Surveillance in Reducing Crime at Shopping Centers in Finland. Property Management. 2010;28(1):47-59.

37. Kelling G. Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities. New York; 1997.

38. McKenzie R, Park R, Burgess E. The City. Chicago; 1967.

39. Newman O. Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. New York; 1972.

40. Wood E. Housing Design: A Soсial Theory. Nеw York; 1961.