Distributive Justice and Legal Regulation of Social Security

The building of social security models should be based on the principles of justice that are predetermined and recognized by society. Chaotic reforms without a common vision of the system in accordance with the principles of justice lead to complication, closeness of systems and a sense of insecurity. Since social security is primarily a matter of access to benefits, the state should clearly define the criteria of distributive justice: to whom, to what extent, at whose expense. Public opinion polls sometimes demonstrate that the existing mechanisms of redistribution do not correspond to the idea of justice in society. Throughout the 20th century, the systems were built and improved on the basis of the principle of solidarity of generations, insured, sick and healthy… Currently, due to the crisis of existing models, for many reasons, the old ones are being rethought and new construction options are being tested. They range from extremely liberal, with minimization of social guarantees, to the introduction of a universal basic income. In the Russian Federation, after experiments in pension provision and the introduction of a funded element, which did not show its effectiveness and caused the rejection of society, in 2020 the state fixed the principle of generational solidarity in the Basic Law of the country as the basis for building pension systems. It is equally important to ensure distributive justice in such a resource-intensive and individually unpredictable area as medical care. It is necessary to ensure that the system meets the expectations of citizens in an area where the principle of merit-based provision (meritocratic principle) does not always work. At the same time, the key point is the choice of the organizational and legal form of social security. Despite the opinion expressed about greater compliance with the principles of fairness of the budget model of medical care, it is concluded that there is a need for a broad discussion of reforming the healthcare system with the involvement of experts, the professional community of doctors, patient organizations, etc.

1. Andreev VS. Pravo sotsialnogo obespecheniya v SSSR: uchebnik dlya vuzov [The law of social security in the USSR. A textbook for universities]. Moscow; 1987. (In Russ.)

2. Bogdanov DV. Evolyutsiya grazhdansko-pravovoy otvetstvennosti s pozitsii spravedlivosti: sravnitelnopravovoy aspekt: monografiya [Evolution of civil liability from the standpoint of justice: Comparative legal aspect. A monograph]. Moscow: Prospekt; 2015. (In Russ.)

3. Bogdanov EV. Problema vyravnivaniya (sglazhivaniya) fakticheskogo neravenstva v grazhdansko-pravovoy sfere s pozitsii sotsialnoy spravedlivosti [The problem of leveling (smoothing) the actual inequality in the civil law sphere from the perspective of social justice]. Zhurnal rossiyskogo prava [Journal of Russian Law]. 2018;3:28-38. (In Russ.)

4. Vaypan VA. Teoriya spravedlivosti: pravo i ekonomika: monografiya [Theory of Justice: Law and Economics. A monograph]. Moscow: Yusticinform; 2017. (In Russ.)

5. Voronin YuV, Stolyarov AV, Tuchkova EG. K voprosu o vyrabotke novogo obshchestvennogo dogovora [On the issue of developing a new social contract]. Sotsialnoe i pensionnoe pravo [Social and pension law]. 2019;4:3-8. 2020;1:3-8. (In Russ.)

6. Zhiltsova YuV, Novikova SV, Kozina EV. Printsip spravedlivosti v trudovom prave i ego soblyudenie v usloviyakh pandemii COVID-19 i ee posledstviy [The principle of fairness in labor law and its observance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences]. Trudovoe pravo v Rossii i za rubezhom [Labour Law in Russia and Abroad]. 2020;4:19-22. (In Russ.)

7. Zakharov ML. Sotsialnoe strakhovanie v Rossii: proshloe, nastoyashchee i perspektivy razvitiya : monografiya [Social insurance in Russia: Past, Present and Development prospects. A monograph]. Moscow; 2013. (In Russ.)

8. Zakharov ML, Tuchkova EG. Pravo sotsialnogo obespecheniya Rossii [Social Ssecurity Law in Russia]. Moscow; 2004. (In Russ.)

9. Karaeva OS. Predstavleniya o spravedlivosti i effektivnosti v sistemakh zdravookhraneniya razlichnykh stran (po dannym ISSP) [Perceptions of equity and efficiency in health systems in different countries (according to ISSP)]. Vestnik obshchestvennogo mneniya. Dannye. Analiz. Diskussii [The Russian Public Opinion Herald. Data. Analysis. Discussions]. 2014;1-2(117):50-65. (In Russ.)

10. Kislitsyna OA. Vospriyatie rossiyanami nespravedlivosti neravenstva v dostupe k uslugam zdravookhraneniya i determiniruyushchie ego faktory [Russians’ perception of the injustice of inequality in access to health services and its determining factors]. Sotsialnye aspekty zdorovya naseleniya [Social Aspects of Population Health]. 2018;3(61). (In Russ.)

11. Kurennoy AM. Pravo i spravedlivost v rossiyskoy sisteme regulirovaniya trudovykh otnosheniy [Law and justice in the Russian system of regulation of labor relations]. Trudovoe pravo v Rossii i za rubezhom [Labour Law in Russia and Abroad]. 2018;4:5-9. (In Russ.)

12. Maltsev GV. Sotsialnaya spravedlivost i pravovye osnovy raspredeleniya po trudu [Social justice and the legal basis for the distribution of labor]. Obshchestvennye nauki [Social sciences]. 1985;1:27-41. (In Russ.)

13. Voronin YuV, Povetkina NA., editors. Novye organizatsionno-pravovye formy sotsialnogo strakhovaniya : sbornik statey po materialam nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii (Moskva, 25 oktyabrya 2018 g.) [New organizational and legal forms of social insurance. Proceedings of the scientific and practical conference (Moscow, October 25, 2018)]. Moscow: IZiSP under the Government of the Russian Federation; 2018. (In Russ.)

14. Pashkova GG. Formy i printsipy sotsialnoy spravedlivosti [Forms and principles of social justice]. Sotsialnoe i pensionnoe pravo [Social and Pension Law]. 2018;1:18-23. (In Russ.)

15. Tuchkova EG, editor. Pravo sotsialnogo obespecheniya Rossii: uchebnik dlya bakalavrov [Social security law in Russia. A textbook for bachelor dergree programmes]. Moscow; 2016. (In Russ.)

16. Tuchkova EG, editor. Problemy Obshchey chasti prava sotsialnogo obespecheniya: monografiya [Problems of the General part of social security law. A monograph]. Moscow; 2017. (In Russ.)

17. Roik VD. Sotsialnyy byudzhet: monografiya [Social budget: A monograph]. Moscow; 2016. (In Russ.)

18. Raulz D. Teoriya spravedlivosti [The theory of justice]. 3d ed. Moscow: URSS: Lenand; 2017. (In Russ.)

19. Finnis D. Estestvennoe pravo i estestvennye prava [Natural law and natural rights]. Moscow; 2012. (In Russ.)

20. Hayek FA von. Pravo, zakonodatelstvo i svoboda: Sovremennoe ponimanie liberalnykh printsipov spravedlivosti i politiki [Law, Legislation and Freedom: Modern Understanding of Liberal Principles of Justice and Politics]. Moscow: IRISEN; 2006. (In Russ.)

21. Heffe O. Spravedlivost. Filosofskoe vídenie [Justice: Philosophical vision]. Moscow: Praksis; 2007. (In Russ.)

22. Khnykin GV. O sootnoshenii spravedlivoy zarabotnoy platy i minimalnogo razmera oplaty truda po trudovomu zakonodatelstvu Rossii [On the ratio of fair wages and minimum wages under the labor legislation of Russia]. Zakonodatelstvo [Legislation]. 2017;7:60-65. (In Russ.)

23. Shtompka P. Spravedlivost [Justice]. Transl. from Polish by Zotov AA. Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya: Ekonomicheskie i sotsialnye peremeny [Monitoring public opinion: Economic and social changes]. 2017;6:381-399. Chapter from the book: Fundamenty dobrego społeczeństwa. Wartości / pod red. Małgorzaty BoguniBorowskiej. Kraków: Znak, 2015. P. 232–250. DOI:10.14515/monitoring.2017.6.21. (In Russ.)