The transformation of the Chinese state in modern and contemporary times

Review. The article considers the history of the Da Qing Gou (Qing Dynasty), the Republic of China, led by the Kuomintang and the People's Republic of China led by the CPC during the period of the "Opium Wars" since the middle of the XIX century to the present day. The article reflects a long and painful way of "The Celestial Empire" from the political and national humiliation to wealth and power From the middle of the XIX century great powers using "gunboat diplomacy" imposed on China a semi-colonial status. This prompted the ruling Qing dynasty to the "self-strengthening movement" by "implementation of Western affairs", and then forced into the promise of constitutional reform. The ineffectiveness of ongoing government reforms led to the radicalization of the opposition movement which later turned into a revolutionary one. Xinhai Revolution in 1911, overthrowing a "strange" Manchurian Qing dynasty, proclaimed the restoration of national statehood and the Chinese republican form of government. For the sake of public consent the first President of the Republic of China Sun Yat-sen ceded his post to General Yuan Shikai, who was backed by military elite. The young Republic of China was threatened by both a restoration attempts of Qing dynasty's supporters and the imperial ambitions of the President Yuan Shikai, and then by high-handedness of the generals - "warlords" who ignored the weak central government. Kuomintang party founded by Sun Yat-sen threw its weight in defense of the republic by creating a temporary "united front" with the Communist Party of China. Under the influence of the Soviet experience of party building both the KMT and CPC turned into authoritarian parties designed to lead the state and military forces. Created by Sun Yat-sen theory of "political tutelage" was included in the KMT's ideological arsenal and practices, and then was secretly borrowed by CPC. Successful completion of the "Northern Expedition" 1926 - 1928 saved the Republic of China and gave rise to a ten-year "party rule" of the Kuomintang. The political practice of "Nanjing Decade" led to the merging of the Party, military and state apparatus, which is typical of the subsequent periods of the Chinese history. The break of Kuomintang alliance with the CPC and the repressions against the communists initiated the Civil War of 1927 -1936. It was the war with Japan which forced the political rivals into the temporary re-establishment of the "united front. " The Civil War resumed in 1946 led to the victory of the CPC and the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The paper analyzes in detail the main stages and the most important events of the political development of China and its constitutional design

«дипломатия канонерок», «неравноправные договоры», «политика самоусиления», «эпоха милитаристов», «политическая опека», «Красная династия», China, Da Qing Gou, "gunboat diplomacy", "unequal treaties", "self strengthening policy", Xinhai Revolution, "era of warlords", China, Qing Dai-th, "gunboat diplomacy", "unequal treaties", "a policy of self-empowerment, " Xinhai Revolution "era of warlords, " Kuomintang, "political tutelage" CPC, "Red Dynasty"

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