JUDICIAL POWER IN THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL VIEWS OF M.M. KOVALEVSKY

The article is devoted to the analysis of the views of the scholar and lawyer of the late XIX - early XX centuriesM.M. Kovalevsky on the judiciary. In his numerous works devoted to state legal issues, he considers such issues as the role and importance of the court in the state, the judiciary and fundamental principles of justice. The analysis of the views of M.M. Kovalevsky on the judiciary makes it possible to draw the following conclusions. Firstly, the Russian government, borrowing foreign experience in the establishment of the courts, were not "slavish imitation" of foreign models. Legal institutions, such as Magistrate Judges, and the principles of justice were implemented according to national circumstances, while maintaining the identity and customs of the Russian people. Secondly, M.M. Kovalevsky could not imagine a democratic state without an independent court established on the basis of equality before the law and the court, of the irremovability of judges, publicity, competitiveness, the participation of the people in the administration of justice. Thirdly, on the one hand, the scientist considers the court as a guarantee of individual rights, but on the other had as a limiter of state power. Assessing the court as the main guarantee of human rights and being a zealous defender of freedom, M.M. Kovalevsky at the same time understands that, on the one hand, justice is a guarantee of freedom, but on the other hand liberty may be restricted in the interests of justice. Fourthly, M.M. Kovalevsky called for the establishment of administrative justice in the state, focusing on the right to appeal actions of officials, up to Ministers, the courts, and the establishment of administrative courts. The possibility to appeal against actions of officials in court had found greater guarantee than securing rights and freedoms in declarations. M.M. Kowalevsky raised the questions in the field of the judiciary, crucial for building a constitutional state, many of which ("free" court, the establishment of administrative tribunals, the responsibility of officials before the court, tenure of judges) are still relevant in the modern legal science.

judiciary, court, justice, principles of justice, judicial functions, the judicial reform of 1864, M.M. Kovalevsky

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