CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL STATUS OF TRIBES AND INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES (IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL AUTONOMY)

The present article defines the nature of the reservations, the peculiarities of the legal categories of "sovereignty" and "sovereign powers" of Indian communities. To identify similarities and differences between the reservations and the territorial autonomies the author proposes to consider autonomy in a complex of three dimensions: principle, form of the territorial organization of the community and legal regime. The proposed criteria of autonomy are used as qualifiers of the constitutional legal nature of the reservations. It is specified that the scope of Indian self-government communities is subjected to high risk transformation solutions of the Federal authorities as well as the minimum resources configuration of its own legal orders. The analogy with the modelling approach of the constitutional legal status of unincorporated U.S. territories is provided. It is concluded that the constitutional and legal status of the reservations can be characterized from two perspectives. Given the institutionalization of tax and financial preferences, special rights in the sphere of environmental management for Indian tribes, they have advantages compared to the population of the States and municipalities in certain areas of life (gambling, retail trade, taxes, special rights of use of natural resources). These indicators, in conjunction with national cultural identity and the possibility of formation of legislative, executive and judicial bodies, align the reservations with the institute of territorial autonomy. The second aspect of the constitutional legal status is a permanent state of "swinging" and total dependence on the Federal government, due to the defectiveness of the guarantees of independence in the field of internal self-government. This approach supports the characteristic feature of the state policy of preserving in full the level of the Federation levers to govern Indians and their territories under its jurisdiction jurisdiction and control. These factors characterize the limited resources of the tribes to self-configure their own law and order (compared to the States), which in turn separates the reservation from the territorial autonomies. On this basis it is stated that the reservations are independent forms of intra-state entities which, nevertheless, have characteristics of territorial autonomy.

Constitution, US Congress, reservations, Indian tribes, status, autonomy, competence, warranty

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