The Main Scenarios for the Formation of Territorial Autonomies in the Modern World (Constitutional and Legal Aspect)

As part of the analysis of the practices of institutionalization of constitutional and legal status of territorial autonomies of Bolivia, Great Britain, Denmark, India, Indonesia, Canada, China, Moldova, Uzbekistan, Finland on the basis of the criteria and methods of their formation, it is indicated that there are two main scenarios. According to the first one, territorial autonomies are formed on the basis of international and national legal acts. The second scenario assumes the formation of autonomies based on national legal acts only.

In the structure of the first scenario, territorial autonomies formed as a result of negotiations between the parties to the conflict (confrontation model) and in the Directive order (Directive model) are separated. In the structure of the second scenario, territorial autonomies established following the negotiations on the basis a peaceful compromise or as a result of confrontation (consensus and confrontation models), as well as autonomies formed unilaterally (policy model) are highlighted.

The conceptual requirements for the successful institutionalization of territorial autonomy are as follows: the presence of rooted in society and the state traditions of democracy and the rule of law; the establishment of a real regime of internal self-government; limited material and financial resources and the resulting dependence on the state; the absence of disputes about sovereignty; clarity of the formal legal structure of the constitutional legal status; small population and the territory of autonomy. In this case, the structure and content of these requirements are very mobile, and therefore can be combined in different proportions with different specific gravity.

Typical examples of the most stable territorial autonomies (in terms of territorial integrity and unity of the state), in which these conditions are present in different volumes, are the autonomies of Bolivia, the Aland Islands, the Faroe Islands, Hong Kong and Macao. This category can also include Karakalpakstan and Nunavut because of their total dependence on the support of national governments.

In turn, the potential for the development of separatist tendencies remains in the UK (Scotland, Northern Ireland), India, Indonesia, China (Tibet), Moldova, and the Philippines.

1. Akhundzhanov L. Vkhozhdenie Karakalpakskoy ASSR v sostav UzSSR i ee gosudarstvenno-pravovoe polozhenie: avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk [The inclusion of the Karakalpak ASSR into Uzbek SSR as a constituent unity and its state-legal status: Abstract of the PhD Thesis]. Tashkent, 1962. 22 p.

2. Bogoslovskiy V.A. Tibetskiy rayon KNR (1949—1976) [The Tibetan areas of the PRC (1949—1976)]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1978. 200 p.

3. Boliviya — vremya levoindikhenistskogo eksperimenta [Bolivia — the time of the left indigenism experiment]. Moscow: Institute of Latin America (ILA) Publ., 2009. 75 p.

4. Vorotnikova T.A. Boliviya: stanovlenie indeyskogo politicheskogo soznaniya [Bolivia: formation of Indian political consciousness]. Indeyskiy mir pered vyzovami XXI veka: sbornik statey [Indian world facing the challenges of the 21st century: Collected papers]. Moscow: Institute of Latin America (ILA) Publ., 2011.

5. Garry I.R. Buddizm i politika v tibetskom rayone KNR (2 polovina XX — nachalo XXI v.) [Buddhism and politics in the Tibetan region of China (second half of the 20th — beginning of the 21st century)]. Ulan-Ude, 2009.

6. Erniyazova G.E. Razvitie zakonodatelstva o pravovom statuse Karakalpakstan i problemy ego sovershenstvovaniya: avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk [Development of legislation on the legal status of Karakalpakstan and problems of its improvement: Abstract of the PhD Thesis]. Tashkent, 1993. 21 p.

7. Ziganshin I.R. Konstitutsionno-pravovoy status obshchestvennykh obedineniy korennykh narodov arkticheskikh gosudarstv: sravnitelno-pravovoy analiz: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk [Constitutional and legal status of public associations of indigenous peoples of the Arctic States: comparative legal analysis: PhD Thesis]. Moscow, 2016. 28 p.

8. Zhogolev D.A. Malye narodnosti i Velikiy Kitay [Small Nations and Great China]. Moscow: RAN. In-t Dal. Vostoka. 1994. 199 p.

9. Ivanov A. Ravninnye boliviytsy khotyat byt vyshe gornykh [Lowland Bolivians want to be above the mountain ones]. Kommersant. Dec 15, 2006. No. 235. URL: www.kommersant.ru/doc/730455.

10. Kiselev A.A. Politicheskaya geografiya: uchebnoe posobie [Political geography: A Study Guide]. Volgograd: Volgograd State University Publ., 2013. 144 p.

11. Kitayskaya Narodnaya Respublika: zakonodatelnye akty. 1984—1988: per. s kit. [People’s Republic of China: Legislative acts. 1984—1988. Translated from Chinese]. Editorial board: V.A. Tumanov (chairperson) [et al.]; comp. by K.A. Egorov; introd. by L.M. Gudoshnikova (ed.). Moscow: Progress Publ., 1989. 504 p.

12. Kodaneva S.I. Nastoyashchee i budushchee avtonomii v Soedinennom Korolevstve [Present and future of autonomy in the United Kingdom]. Лonstitutsionnoe pravo: noveyshie zarubezhnye issledovaniya: sb. nauch. tr. [Constitutional law: The latest foreign research: collected papers]. Edited by G.N. Andreeva. Moscow: INION RAN Publ., 2005. 227 p.

13. Kozin V. Acheskiy pretsedent [Ache precedent]. Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn [International life]. 2006. No. 6. Pp. 102—111.

14. Labetskaya K. Separatisty dogovorilis s pravitelstvom [Separatists have agreed with the government]. Vremya novostey [News Time]. August 16, 2005. No. 148. URL: www.vremya.ru/2005/148/5/1321333.html.

15. Likhachev K.A. Etnoseparatizm v severo-vostochnoy Indii: starye problemy v novom veke [Ethnic separatism in North-East India: old problems in the new century]. Aziya i Afrika segodnya [Asia and Africa today]. 2011. No. 10. Pp. 45—49.

16. Lukasheva N.V. Pravovoy status Alandskikh ostrovov [Legal status of the åland Islands]. Rossiyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal [Russian Juridical Journal]. 1997. No. 1. Pp. 148—155.

17. Moskalev A. Guansi-chzhuanskiy i Ninsya-khueyskiy avtonomnye rayony KNR (voprosy politiki rayonnoy natsionalnoy avtonomii) [Guangxi Zhuang and Ningxia Hui Autonomous regions of China (policy issues of regional national autonomy)]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1979. 152 p.

18. Nietullaev S.D. Sovershenstvovanie gosudarstvennogo stroitelstva v Respublike Karakalpakstan (opyt i problemy): avtoref. dis. ... d-ra. yurid. nauk [Improvement of the state construction in the Republic of Karakalpakstan (experience and problems): Abstract of the Doctoral Thesis]. Tashkent, 1993. 42 p.

19. Ovdienko I.Kh. Vnutrennyaya Mongoliya [Inner Mongolia]. Moscow: Geografgiz Publ., 1954. 168 p.

20. Popov F.A. Geografiya setsessionizma v sovremennom mire [Geography of secessionism in the modern world]. Moscow: Novyy khronograf Publ., 2012.

21. Sravnitelnoe pravovedenie: natsionalnye pravovye sistemy. Pravovye sistemy zapadnoy evropy [Comparative law: national legal systems. Legal systems of Western Europe]. G.N. Andreeva, O.V. Belousova, I.S. Vlasov [et al.]; edited by V.I. Lafitskiy. Moscow: IZiSP, Contract Publ., 2012. Vol. 2. 768 p.

22. Yakovlev A.Yu. Etnicheskiy terrorizm v indiyskom shtate Assam: istoki, evolyutsiya, deystvuyushchie sily [Ethnic terrorism in the Indian state of Assam: the origins, evolution, active forces]. Gramota Publ. 2012. No. 3 (17) : in 2 parts. Part 1. Pp. 205—209.

23. Adler-Nissen R. The Faroe Islands: Independence dreams, globalist separatism and the Europeanization of postcolonial home rule. URL: www.journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0010836713514150 (accessed 25.08.2018).

24. Choudhury R.L. Ethnic Identity Question and the Autonomy Movement in Karbi Anglong. A Journal of Humanities & Social Science. 2014. January.

25. Encyclopedia of the Arctic. M. Nuttall (ed.). New York: Routledge, 2004.

26. Gilbert J. The Blur of a Distinction: Adivasis Experience with Lands Rights, Self-Rule and Autonomy. Walsh N. and Castellino J. International and Indigenous Peoples. Martinus Nijhof Publishers, 2005.

27. Göcke K. Inuit Self-Government in the Canadian North: The Next Step in the Nunavut Project. ZaöRV. 2011. URL:www.zaoerv.de/71_2011/71_2011_1_a_77_102.pdf (accessed 12.02.2018).

28. Green K. Decentralisation and good governance: The case of Indonesia. 2005. URL: www.ssrn.com/ abstract=1493345 (accessed 10.10.2018).

29. Hongyi L. The Evolution of China’s Ethnic Policies. EAI Background Brief. 2009. No. 440. URL: www.eai.nus. edu.sg/publications/files/BB440.pdf (accessed: 12.04.2018).

30. I-An Gao. Indigenous People’s Self-Determination and Long-term Care: Sápmi and Nunavut. Social Work and Policy Studies: Social Justice, Practice and Theory. 2018. Vol. 1. No 001. URL: https://openjournals.library. sydney.edu.au/index.php/SWPS/article/view/12415 (accessed: 12.02.2018).

31. Neukirch C. Autonomy and Conflict Transformation: the Case of the Gagauz Territorial Autonomy in the Légaré A. An Assessment of Recent Political Development in Nunavut: The Challenges and Dilemmas of Inuit Self-Government. Canadian Journal of Native. Studies XVIII. No. 2. 1988. URL: www3.brandonu.ca/cjns/18.2 / cjnsv18no2_pg271—299.pdf (accessed: 12.02.2017).

32. Légaré A. Inuit Identity and regionalization in the Canadian Central and Eastern Arctic: A Survey of Writings about Nunavut. Polar Geography. 2008. Vol. 31. Nos. 3—4, September-December.

33. Pamungkas C. The Effectiveness of the Autonomous Region in Moslem Mindanao (ARM) in copying with Separatism and the Role of the National Reconciliation Commission (NRC) in Peace Building. URL: www.apifellowships.org/body/international_ws_proceedings/year5.pdf#page=211 (accessed: 10.03.2018).

34. Political Participation of Minorities: A Commentary on International Standards and Practice. Edited by M. Weller. Oxford, 2010. 855 p.

35. Ruth L. Von. Elements of Stable Regional Autonomy Arrangements. Munchen, 2001.

36. Saqib Khan & Ashmita Sharma. In a flux: Diversity and contestations in north-east India. URL: http://raiot.in/ in-a-flux-diversity-and-contestations-in-north-east-india/.

37. Suksi M. Sub-State Governance through Territorial Autonomy: A Comparative Study in Constitutional Law of Powers, Procedures and Institutions. Berlin : Heidelberg, 2011. 685 p.

38. Talburt D. The Bolivian Autonomy Crisis of 2007—2008. All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 2011. URL: www. openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/762.

39. Republic of Moldova. Minority government in Europe. Budapest, 2002.