Temporal Levels of Criminal Law: Significance for Theory and Practice

The use of methodological approaches of F. Brodel makes it possible to distinguish temporal levels in criminal law: finite and rapid changing. In the case of a crime, there are a number of crimes that have changed very slowly throughout history. The number of prohibited acts varied depending on the priorities of protection, leaving unchanged the protection of human life and health (murder, causing serious harm to health), state power (assault on the life of the sovereign and the foundations of public administration) and property (theft, robbery, robbery). Another temporal level of crime is rapid changing, which is determined by opportunistic (primarily political) considerations and undergoes significant changes at certain stages of development of society and the state. The content of this level can be filled through the criminalization and decriminalization of acts counteracting which is relevant in a relatively short period of time. Among all the available punishments, history also allows us to determine similar temporal levels. The death penalty, imprisonment and a fine can be referred to the finite one. All others (correctional labor, forced labor, exile, corporal punishment, deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions, etc.) are opportunistic or belong to the rapid changing temporal level. Methodologically, this division of the criminal law and its fundamental categories makes it possible not only to organize comparative legal research, develop rules of criminal law policy on criminalization and decriminalization, penalization and depenalization of acts, but also to predict the further development of criminal law, criminal law and criminal law doctrine.

1. Akulenko S. S. Realizatsiya tseley nakazaniya pri dlitelnykh srokakh lisheniya svobody: dis.... kand. yurid. nauk [Implementation of the objectives of punishment in a lengthy terms of imprisonment : PhD thesis]. Moscow, 2004. 152 p.

2. Aleksandrov A.S., Aleksandrova I. A. Sovremennaya ugolovnaya politika obespecheniya ekonomicheskoy bezopasnosti putem protivodeystviya prestupnosti v sfere ekonomiki [Modern Criminal Policy to Ensure Economic Security by Combating Crime in the Economy]. Moscow, 2017. 607 p.

3. Braudel F. Struktura povsednevnosti: materialnaya tsivilizatsiya, ekonomika i kapitalizm XV—XVIII vekov [The structure of everyday life: material civilization, economics and capitalism of the 15th — 18th centuries]. Moscow, 1986. Vol. 1. 622 p. 

4. Golik Yu.V. Borba s prestupnostyu kak problema [Fighting crime as a problem]. Prestupnost, ugolovnaya politika, zakon [Crime, criminal policy, law]. Moscow, 2016. Pp. 9—13.

5. Esakov G. A. Kodifikatsiya i podotrasli ugolovnogo prava [Codification and sub-branches of criminal law]. Problemy kodifikatsii ugolovnogo zakona: istoriya, sovremennost, budushchee: mat-ly VIII rossiyskogo kongressa ugolovnogo prava [Problems of codification of criminal law: history, present, future: Proc. of 8 Russian Congress of Criminal Law]. Moscow, 2013. Pp. 76—79.

6. Zhalinsky A. E. Ugolovnoe pravo v ozhidanii peremen: teoretiko-instrumentalnyy analiz [Criminal law in anticipation of change: theoretical and instrumental analysis]. Moscow, 2009. 400 p.

7. Zhuk M. S. Instituty rossiyskogo ugolovnogo prava: istoriya razvitiya i sovremennoe ponimanie [Institutes of Russian criminal law: history of development and modern understanding]. Krasnodar, 2010. 166 p.

8. Inogamova-Khegai L. V. Kontseptualnye osnovy obnovleniya ugolovnogo zakonodatelstva [Conceptual framework for criminal law reform]. Ugolovnoe pravo: strategiya razvitiya v XXI veke : Proc. XII Mezhdunarodnoy nauch.-prakt. konferentsii Ugolovnoe pravo: strategiya razvitiya v XXI veke : mat-ly XV mezhdunarodnoy scientific.-practical. conf. 25—26 January 2018 [Criminal law: development strategy for the twenty-first century : Proceedings of 12 International scientific and practical conferences(29—30 January 2015)]. Moscow, 2015. P. 41—44.

9. Kriminologiya: uchebnik dlya studentov vuzov, obuchayushchikhsya po spetsialnosti «Yurisprudentsiya» [Criminology : Textbook for students of high schools specializing in "Jurisprudence"]. G. A. Avanesov [et al.]; edited by G. A. Avanesov. 6th ed., rev and suppl. Moscow. 2013. 576 p.

10. Manns G.Yu. Obshchee i spetsialnoe preduprezhdenie v ugolovnom prave [General and special warning in criminal law]. Irkutsk, 1926. 72 p.

11. Marina E. A. Lishenie svobody na opredelennyy srok: ponyatie, soderzhanie, vidy ispravitelnykh uchrezhdeniy: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk [Deprivation of liberty for a certain period: concept, content, types of correctional institutions : PhD Thesis. Moscow, 2008. 191 p.

12. Naumov A. V. Otkrytoe pismo Professora A. V. Naumova akademiku V. N. Kudryavtsevu [Open letter of Professor A. V. Naumov to the member of the Academy of Sciences V. N. Kudryavtsev]. Ugolovnoe pravo [Criminal law]. 2006. No. 4. P. 135—138.

13. Ovchinsky V. S. Prestupnost: futurologicheskiy vzglyad [Crime: futurological view]. Prestupnost, ugolovnaya politika, zakon [Crime, criminal policy, law]. Moscow, 2016. P. 25—30.

14. Rarog A. I. Novaya podotrasl (?) ugolovnogo prava [New sub-sector (?) criminal law]. Ugolovnoe pravo: strategiya razvitiya v XXI veke : Mat-ly XV mezhdunarodnoy scientific.-practical. conf. 25—26 January 2018. [Criminal law: Ugolovnoe pravo: strategiya razvitiya v XXI veke : mat-ly XV mezhdunarodnoy scientific.- practical. conf. 25—26 January 2018 [Criminal law: development strategy for the twenty-first century : Proc. of the 15th International Scientific and Pactical Conf. 25—26 January 2018]. 2018. P. 565—568.

15. Rarog A. I. Prioritety rossiyskoy ugolovnoy politiki [Priorities of the Russian criminal policy]. Ugolovnoe pravo: strategiya razvitiya v XXI veke : mat-ly XV mezhdunarodnoy scientific.-practical. conf. 25—26 January 2018 Ugolovnoe pravo: strategiya razvitiya v XXI veke : mat-ly XV mezhdunarodnoy scientific.-practical. conf. 25—26 January 2018 [Criminal law: development strategy for the twenty-first century : Proc. of the 15th International Scientific and Pactical Conf. 29—30 January 2015]. Moscow, 2018. P. 13—17.

16. Sorokina S. V. Lishenie svobody na kratkie sroki (ugolovno-ispolnitelnyy aspekt): dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk [Short-term deprivation of liberty (penal aspect) : PhD Thesis]. Ryazan, 2005. 225 p.

17. Tkesheliadze G. T. Sudebnaya praktika i ugolovnyyzakon [Judicial practice and criminal law]. Tbilisi, 1975. 175 p.

18. Uchenie o nakazanii v ugolovnom prave Rossii: monografiya [The doctrine of punishment in Russian criminal law : monograph]. Edited by A. I. Korobeev. Vladivostok, 2011. 316 p.

19. Fris P. L. O nekotorykh voprosakh ugolovno-pravovoy politiki [On some issues of criminal law policy]. Ugolovnoe pravo: strategiya razvitiya v XXI veke : mat-ly XV mezhdunarodnoy scientific.-practical. conf. 25—26 January 2018 [Criminal law: development strategy for the twenty-first century : Proc. of the 15th International Scientific and Pactical Conf. 29—30 January 2015. — M., 2014. — P. 42-47.