Civil Law Regime of Genes as Objects of Civil Rights

At the present stage of the formation of the rule of law and developed civil society in the Russian Federation, the possibility of using and protecting genes, genomes and genomic technologies, mainly related to the sphere of private life, becomes particularly relevant. The world has already formed a scientific direction — gene editing. The practice of implementation of such developments is aimed at the implementation of genetic «improvement» of a person, his life and health. Society has existed for a long time in the era of genetic engineering. Currently, quite a large number of scientific studies are being conducted and many practical experiments are being implemented, both medical and socio-legal, aimed at involving genes and genetic structures in the framework of the legal field, in civil circulation.

A particularly large number of questions and practical problems arise in determining the possibility of including genes and genomes as objects of legal relations and their definition as objects of civil rights.

Debatable is the question of the turnover of genes, genomes, genetic structures and the possibility of making various civil transactions with them, the entry of subjects (participants) of genomic technologies in the binding and proprietary relationships with genes. The possibility of inclusion of genes and genomes in the objects of intellectual property rights and ensure their patent protection, the establishment of legal protective procedures is proved.

There is an objective need to qualify and determine the legal nature of genes and genomes as objects of civil rights and the establishment of a special civil regime of genes, genomes and genetic structures. This special civil law regime of genes has a civil law nature. The author’s definition of a special civil-law regime of genes as objects of civil rights is proposed, the features and content of this regime are determined. The possibility of regulatory and legal regulation of genomic studies and the implementation of their results in medical practice is proved.

1. Agarkov M.M. Obyazatelstvo po sovetskomu grazhdanskomu pravu [Obligation in the Soviet Civil Law]. Moscow, 1940.192 p.

2. Bogdanov E.V., Bogdanova E.E., Bogdanov D.E. Problema fidutsiarnosti i fidutsiarnykh sdelok v grazhdanskom prave Rossii [The problem of fiduciary and fiduciary transactions in Russian civil law] Grazhdanskoe pravo [Civil law]. 2017. No. 3. Pp. 20—25.

3. Bykov P., Sharapov S. Nas nakryvaet geneticheskiy shtorm [The genetic storm is covering us]. Nauka i tekhnologii [Science and technology]. Genomnaya revolyutsiya [Genomic revolution]. URL: http://expert. ru/dossier/story/genomnaya-revolyutsiya/.

4. Genetika: uchebnik dlya bakalavrov [Genetics: a textbook for Bachelor Studies]. Edited by G.A. Alferova. Moscow: Yurayt, 2017. 209 p.

5. Ioffe O.S. Pravootnoshenie po sovetskomu grazhdanskomu pravu [Relationship in Soviet civil law]. Leningrad: Leningrad University publ., 1949. 144 p.

6. Kulakov V. V. Obyazatelstvo i oslozhneniya ego struktury v grazhdanskom prave Rossii: monografiya [Obligation and complications of its structure in Russian civil law: monograph]. 2nd ed., rev. and suppl. Moscow: RAP, Walters Kluwer, 2010. 256 p.

7. Lapach V.A. Sistema obektov grazhdanskikh prav: teoriya i sudebnaya praktika [System of objects of civil rights: theory and judicial practice]. St. Petersburg: Yuridichesskiy Tsentr-Press Publ., 2002. 544 p.

8. Levushkin A.N. Grazhdansko-pravovoe regulirovanie i razvitie semeynogo predprinimatelstva kak vida sotsialnogo predprinimatelstva v Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Civil law regulation and development of family entrepreneurship as a type of social entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation]. Grazhdanskoe pravo [Civil law]. 2019. No. 2. Pp. 6—10.

9. Levushkin A.N., Biryukova E.G. Intellektualnaya sobstvennost v meditsine i farmatsii: osobennosti primeneniya i zashchity [Intellectual property in medicine and pharmacy: features of application and protection]. Grazhdanskoe pravo [Civil law]. 2018. No. 3. Pp. 17—21.

10. Mokhov A.A. Dela o preduprezhdenii prichineniya vreda v budushchem (na primere genomnykh issledovaniy i vnedreniya ikh rezultatov v praktiku) [Cases on prevention of harm in the future (by the example of genomic research and implementation of their results in practice)]. Vestnik grazhdanskogo protsessa [Herald of Civil Procedure]. 2019. No. 2. Pp. 105—109.

11. Mokhov A.A., Yavorsky A.N. Geny i inye obrazovaniya na osnove genov kak obekty prava intellektualnoy sobstvennosti [Genes and other entities based on genes as objects of intellectual property rights]. Grazhdanskoe pravo [Civil law]. 2018. No. 4. Pp. 28—32.

12. Sinelnikova V.N. Chasti zhivoy prirody kak obekty grazhdanskogo oborota : monografiya [Parts of wildlife as objects of civil circulation : monograph]. Moscow: Mittel Press, 2017. 159 p.

13. Tolstoy Yu.K. K teorii pravootnosheniya [On the theory of legal relations]. Leningrad: Leningrad University publ., 1959. 88 p.

14. Khalfina R.O. Obshchee uchenie o pravootnoshenii [General doctrine of legal relationship]. Moscow: Yurid. Lit. Publ., 1974. 340 p.

15. Shershenevich G.F. Uchebnik russkogo grazhdanskogo prava (po izdaniyu 1907 g.) [A textbook on Russian Civil Law (published in 1907 edition)]. Introduction by E.A. Sukhanov. Moscow: Spark Publ., 1995. 656 p.