CATEGORY OF “ECOLOGICAL LOSSES” IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND LEGAL REALITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR ENSURING RATIONAL NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

The paper has demonstrated that term “environmental losses” not existing in the legislation is often applied in the theory of environmental law and in law enforcement. In doctrinal sources, legal stances of higher courts, specific court decisions, “environmental losses” are used in a narrow sense. Environmental losses are associated solely with unlawful actions causing or allegedly causing harm to the environment. The paper contains the author’s definition of “environmental losses” in a broader ecological and legal contexts. The author suggests that environmental losses mean irrecoverable or long-term recoverable losses of individual components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, as well as violation of direct and reverse links between the elements of an ecological system emerging as the result of both unlawful and lawful actions of natural users or events of natural origin. A broader understanding of “environmental losses” is relevant to the environmental legal regulation of legal liability or economic regulation in the field of environmental protection. Environmental losses are classified according to the nature of the loss of a natural resource potential (absolute and relative) depending on renewability of natural resources (arising from the use of non-renewable natural resources, the long-term restoration of renewable natural resources, and the depletion of renewable natural resources). The paper has proven the importance of differentiation of environmental losses to separate rational nature management from other types of nature management and its effective legal support.

1. Androsov M. V., Bazhaykin A. L. et al. Kommentariy k Federalnomu zakonu ot 10 yanvarya 2002 g. № 7-FZ «Ob okhrane okruzhayushchey sredy» (postateynyy) [Comment to the Federal Law of January 10, 2002 № 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection” (annotated). O. L. Dubovik (ed.), SPS “ConsultantPlus”, 2015. (In Russ.)

2. Bakeshin S. A. O sootnoshenii otvetstvennosti [On the ratio of responsibility]. EZh-Yurist Publ., 2015. No. 36. (In Russ.)

3. Bakeshin S. A. Pochva dlya sporov: o sootnoshenii otvetstvennosti po zemelnomu i prirodookhrannomu zakonodatelstvu [Soil for disputes: on the blance of responsibility under land and environmental legislation]. Ekologicheskoe pravo [Ecological Law]. 2016. No. 1. Pр. 21—23. (In Russ.)

4. Volkov G. A. Printsipy zemelnogo prava Rossii [Principles of land law of Russia]. Moscow, Gorodets Publ., 2005. 336 p. (In Russ.)

5. Vypkhanova G. V., Zhavoronkova N. G. Pravovoe regulirovanie vozmeshcheniya vreda okruzhayushchey srede v sovremennykh realiyakh [Legal regulation of compensation for damage to the environment in modern realities]. Ekologicheskoe pravo [Ecological Law]. 2018. No. 5. Pр. 7—14. (In Russ.)

6. Dudikov M. V. Soderzhanie publichnykh interesov v gornom prave [The content of public interests in mining law]. Lex russica. 2017. No. 7. Pр. 100—114. (In Russ.)

7. Zhavoronkova N. G., Agafonov V. B. Vozmeshchenie ekologicheskogo vreda: zakonodatelnye novelly [Compensation for environmental damage: legislative novels]. Lex russica, 2016, no. 8, pp. 130—140. (In Russ.)

8. Zharikov Yu. G. Novoe v zakonodatelstve o vozmeshchenii ubytkov i poter selskokhozyaystvennogo proizvodstva i lesnogo khozyaystva pri izyatii zemel [New laws on compensation of losses and expenses of agricultural production and forestry in the seizure of land]. Pravo i ekonomika. 2003. No. 9. Pр. 35—40. (In Russ.)

9. Zharikov Yu. G. Ekologicheskie prioritety v prirodoresursnom prave [Ecological priorities in nature resources law]. Zhurnal rossiyskogo prava [Journal of Russian Law]. 2015. No. 2. Pр. 5—15. (In Russ.)

10. Ignatieva I. A. Aktualnye problemy vozmeshcheniya vreda okruzhayushchey srede (aspekty pravovogo regulirovaniya, sudebnoy praktiki i realizatsii gosudarstvennoy politiki v oblasti ekologicheskogo razvitiya) [Actual problems of compensation for damage to the environment (aspects of legal regulation, judicial practice and implementation of state policy in the field of environmental development)]. Ekologicheskoe pravo [Environmental Law]. 2016. No. 4. Pp. 10—17. (In Russ.)

11. Kadyrov A. A. Problemy yuridicheskoy otvetstvennosti za narusheniya trebovaniy po okhrane vodnykh obektov v Kyrgyzstane [Problems of legal liability for violations of requirements for protection of water bodies in Kyrgyzstan]. Ekologicheskoe pravo [Environmental Law]. 2017. No. 6. Pр. 32—38. (In Russ.)

12. Kadyrov A. K. Pravovaya okhrana prirody v kirgizskoy ssr : avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. [Legal protection of nature in the Kyrgyz SSR: Cand. Sci. (Law) Thesis. Moscow, 1988, 25 p. (In Russ.)

13. Kopina A. A. Problemy realizatsii kompensatsionnoy funktsii utilizatsionnogo sbora [Problems of implementation of compensatory function of utilization fee]. Finansovoe pravo [Financial Law]. 2017. No. 8. Pр. 10—14. (In Russ.)

14. Krassov O. I. Kontseptsiya pravovogo mekhanizma upravleniya kachestvom okruzhayushchey prirodnoy sredy v pravovom nasledii professora V.V. Petrova [The concept of the legal mechanism of environmental quality management in the legal heritage of Professor V. V. Petrov]. Ekologicheskoe pravo [Environmental Law]. 2009. No. 2/3. Pр. 33—40. (In Russ.)

15. Luneva E. V. Pravovaya pozitsiya sudov o sootnoshenii rekultivatsii zemel i vosstanovleniya okruzhayushchey sredy [Legal stance of courts on the ratio of land reclamation and restoration of the environment]. Mariyskiy yuridicheskiy vestnik [The Mari Juridical Bulletin]. 2016. No. 2 (17). Pр. 70—72. (In Russ.)

16. Luneva E. V. Prirodnye zakonomernosti i pravovaya deystvitelnost [Natural regularities and legal reality]. Yurist Publ., 2018. No. 2. Pр. 43—50. (In Russ.)

17. Luneva E. V. Ratsionalnoe ispolzovanie prirodnykh resursov: ponyatie i pravovye kriterii [Management of natural resources: The concept and legal criteria]. Lex russica. 2017. No. 8. Pр. 61—72. (In Russ.)

18. Luneva E. V. Ekologo-pravovoe regulirovanie ratsionalnogo prirodopolzovaniya: mezhdistsiplinarnyy aspekt [Ecological and legal regulation of environmental management: An interdisciplinary aspect]. Vestnik Universiteta imeni O.E. Kutafina (MGYuA) [Currier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)]. 2019. No. 1 (53). (In Russ.)

19. Maleshin N. Rvosstanovlenie i rezhim sokhraneniya lugovykh stepey v Tsentralno-Chernozemnom biosfernom zapovednike[R estoration and conservation regime of meadow steppes in the Central Black Earth Biosphere Reserve]. Stepnoy byulleten [Steppe Bulletin] . No. 8. Pр. 26—29. (In Russ.)

20. Mindrin A. S., Korneva N. N., Fadeev A. A. Problemy vozmeshcheniya poter selskokhozyaystvennogo proizvodstva, vyzvannykh izyatiem selskokhozyaystvennykh ugodiy dlya neselskokhozyaystvennykh nuzhd. Puti ikh resheniya [Problems of compensation of losses of agricultural production caused by the seizure of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes. Ways of their solution]. Imushchestvennye otnosheniya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii. 2007. No. 6 (69). Pр. 28—36. (In Russ.)

21. Narysheva N. G. Pravovye problemy vozmeshcheniya vreda okruzhayushchey srede v nauchnykh issledovaniyakh kafedry ekologicheskogo i zemelnogo prava yuridicheskogo fakulteta MGU im. M.V. Lomonosova [Legal problems of compensation for damage to the environment in scientific researches of the Department of Environmental and Land Law of the Faculty of Law of Lomonosov Moscow State University]. Ekologicheskoe pravo [Environmental Law]. 2012, No. 4, pp. 14—19. (In Russ.)

22. Nikishin V. V. Teoreticheskie problemy vozmeshcheniya ekologicheskogo vreda: idei V.V. Petrova i sovremennost [Theoretical problems of environmental damage compensation: ideas of V. V. Petrov and modernity]. Ekologicheskoe pravo [Environmental Law]. 2009. No. 2/3. Pр. 28—33. (In Russ.)

23. Ol E. M., Shadrov M. A. Sootnoshenie pravovykh kategoriy «vred», «ushcherb», «ubytki» v ekologicheskoy sfere [The ratio of legal categories “harm”, “damage”, “losses” in the ecological field]. Leningradskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal [Leningrad Juridical Journal]. 2016. No. 3. Pр. 184—190. (In Russ.)

24. Petrov V. V. Pravovaya okhrana prirody v SSSR : uchebnoe posobie [Legal protection of nature in the SSSR: A study guide]. Moscow, Yurid. lit. Publ., 1976. 352 p. (In Russ.)

25. Petrov V. V. Ekologicheskoe pravo Rossii : uchebnik dlya vuzov [Environmental Law of Russia: A textbook for higher schools]. Moscow, Bek Publ., 1995. 557 p. (In Russ.)

26. Petrov V. V. Ekologiya i pravo [Ecology and Law]. Moscow, Yurid. lit. Publ., 1981. 224 p. (In Russ.)

27. Prirodnoresursovoe pravo i pravovaya okhrana okruzhayushchey sredy : ucheb. dlya vuzov po spets. «Pravovedenie» [Natural resource law and legal protection of the environment : A taxtbook for higher education institutions majoring “Jurisprudence”. V.V. Petrov, S. B. Baisalov, Ya. Ya. Strautmanis [et al.]. V.V.. Petrov (ed.). Moscow, Yurd. lit. Publ., 1988. 512 p. (In Russ.)

28. Sukharenko A. Kazhdoy rubke svoy razmer [Each felling its size]. EZh-Yurist Publ., 2015. No. 34. P. 2. (In Russ.)